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Iwaste > M1U1: Principles of Environmental Engineering > Flashcards

M1U1: Principles of Environmental Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Leads to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions

A

Suspended Solids

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2
Q

Biological destabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and the development of septic conditions

A

Biodegradable Organics

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3
Q

Communicable diseases can be transmitted by pathogenic microorganisms

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

Can lead to algal growth and pollution of groundwater when discharged on land

A

Nutrients

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5
Q

Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogeniticy, mutagenicity, teratogenicity or high acute toxicity

A

Priority Pollutants

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6
Q

Resist conventional methods of WW treatment. Low value of BOD: COD

A

Refractory Organics

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7
Q

May cause poisoning; need to be removed when wastewater is to be reused

A

Heavy Metals

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8
Q

Constituents such as Ca2+, Na+ and SOx added during water usage

A

Dissolved Organics

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9
Q

Wastewater Treatment Methods

A

Preliminary
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Sludge Treatment

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10
Q

Processes in Preliminary Treatment

A

Screening
Comminution
Grit Removal
Oil and Grease Removal

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11
Q

abrasive in nature and will cause accelerated wear on pumps and sludge handling equipment with which it comes in contact with.

A

Grit

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12
Q

Most common device use for Grit removal

A

Parshall Flumes and Palmer-Bowlus flumes

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13
Q

dependable and cheap way to remove oil, grease and other hydrocarbons from water.

A

Skimmers

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14
Q

Processes in Primary Treatment

A

Settling and Sedimentation

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15
Q

to produce a clarified effluent simultaneous with production of concentrated sludge that can easily be handled and treated.

A

sedimentation

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16
Q

Processes in Secondary/Biological Treatment

A

activated sludge
fixed-film reactors
lagoons
pond
systems

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17
Q

They use the organics in wastewater as food supply and convert them into biological cells or biomass.

A

Microorganisms

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18
Q

Types of Biological Culture

A

Suspended Growth
Attached Growth

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19
Q

suspended in the wastewater as single cells or clusters (flocs)

A

Suspended Growth

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20
Q

the biological mass formed when air is continuously injected into the wastewater.

As the microorganisms grow and are mixed by the agitation of the air, the individual organisms flocculate to form an active mass of microbes
(biologic floc) called

A

activated sludge

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21
Q

This is the name given by Barnard (1975) to represent any anaerobic/aerobic sequence to promote BPR. A version of this process with multiple stages is patented as A/O ™ (anaerobic/aerobic).

A

Phoredox

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22
Q

This is a proprietary modification of the A/O ™ process that provides internal recycle and an anoxic zone for denitrification

A

A2/O™

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23
Q

This modification of the four-stage process provides for both denitrification and phosphorus removal. Uses a longer SRT thus increases the carbon oxidation capability.

A

Bardenpho (5 stage)

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24
Q

It is similar to the A2/O ™ process with two exceptions. The return sludge is recycled to the anoxic stage instead of the aeration stage, and the internal recycle is from the anoxic stage to the anaerobic stage.

A

University of Cape Town (UCT)

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25
Q

The six operational steps of the SBR denitrification process are retained, but the conditions are modified

A

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

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26
Q

stabilization pond, oxidation pond or sewage lagoon; shallow earthen basin where wastewater is retained long enough for natural purification processes to provide treatment

A

Ponds

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27
Q

distinguished from ponds in that oxygen is provided by artificial aeration

A

lagoons

28
Q

ponds, in which both aerobic and anaerobic zones exist, may be used as the total treatment system for municipal wastewater. They are assumed to be completely mixed reactors without biomass recycle.

A

Facultative ponds and lagoons

29
Q

used in plug flow where compressed air is injected

A

air diffusers

30
Q

larger surface area per volume of air; 2 – 2.5mm bubble diameter

A

fine bubble diffuser

31
Q

less maintenance but poorer oxygen transfer; upto 25mm diameter

A

Coarse bubble diffuser

32
Q

used in completely mixed reactors employing high-speed impellers

A

mechanical aerators

33
Q

organisms attach themselves to the medium and grow into dense films of a viscous, jelly-like nature.

A

attached growth

34
Q

uses randomly packed solid medium where wastewater is passed over the biofilm in intermittent doses;

A

trickling filter

35
Q

uses modular synthetic media of high porosity and low weight such as light weight flat PVC sheets in alternating patterns/deep trickling filters

A

biotowers

36
Q

uses rotating disks partially submerged in the wastewater. The medium moves the biofilm alternately through water and air thus also maintains aerobic condition.

A

Rotating biological contactors (rbc)

37
Q

these processes were called “advanced wastewater treatment” because they employed techniques that were more advanced than secondary treatment methods.

A

tertiary treatment

38
Q

processes involved in tertiary treatment

A

nutrient removal
organic material removal
ion exchange
reverse osmosis

39
Q

present in precipitation resulting from soluble and particulate nitrogen forms that are scrubbed from the atmosphere;

A

nitrogen

40
Q

effects of discharges

A

*Eutrophication leading to depletion of DO from nitrification and bio-stimulation
* Ammonia toxicity to aquatic life
* Reduction in the suitability of water for re-use

41
Q

biological oxidation of ammonium by chemoautotrophic bacteria

A

nitrification

42
Q

microorganism used in nitrification

A

nitrobacter

43
Q

biological reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria

A

denitrification

44
Q

from phosphate-rich rocks and organic decomposition

A

phosphorus

45
Q

Phosphorus removal process

A

chemical precipitation
biological removal

46
Q

primary microorganisms responsible for P removal. They utilize volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the influent wastewater under anaerobic conditions by releasing stored P.

A

acinetobacter

47
Q

microorganism starvation (stressed state)

A

anoxic/anaerobic

48
Q

storage of P exceeding their normal need (luxury uptake)

A

aerobic

49
Q

processes in sludge treatment and disposal

A

stabilization
dewatering

50
Q

basic processes of sludge treatment

A

preliminary operations
thickening
stabilization
conditioning
dewatering
reduction

51
Q

sludge processing

A

conditioning
thickening
stabilization
disinfection
sludge dewatering
solids reduction
beneficial use system
biosolids disposal

52
Q

removes soluble compounds

A

elutriation

53
Q

releases bound water and destroys biological cells

A

thermal conditioning

54
Q

generally restricted to biological solids; achieved by extended aeration, maintaining the m.o. in the endogenous respiration

A

aerobic digestion

55
Q

for primary sludge

A

anaerobic digestion

56
Q

consist of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. They ferment soluble organic solids to acids and alcohols of low molecular weights

A

acid formers

57
Q

consist of strict anaerobic bacteria that convert acid and alcohols along with H and CO2 to CH4

A

methane formers

58
Q

addition of Ca(OH)2 or CaO to sludge to raise pH to about 11 or above

A

lime stabilization

59
Q

aerobic to a certain degree and takes 30-40 days

A

composting

60
Q

use of belt filter, vacuum filter, plate and frame filter press

A

filtration

61
Q

dewatering by evaporation or percolation through the sludge bed or underlying media.

A

drying in drying beds

62
Q

this is common in industrial plants with available land

A

sludge lagoons

63
Q

for cold climates

A

sludge freezing beds

64
Q

combination of thermal cracking & condensation reactions; oil from sludge (OFS) and gasification

A

pyrolysis

65
Q

vitrified sludge can be used as material for floorings.

A

vitrification

Iwaste (3 decks)

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