M1L1

Question 1

study of microorganisms

Answer 1

microbiology

Question 2

a large and diverse group that exists as single cells or cell clusters; also includes viruses

Answer 2

microorganisms

Question 3

reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells”

Answer 3

Robert Hooke

Question 4

states that all living things are composed of cells

Answer 4

cell theory (1665)

Question 5

father of microbiology

Answer 5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

the first person to actually observe live microorganisms (animalcules) through his simple, single-lens microscope

Answer 6

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 7

the idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter; theory of abiogenesis

Answer 7

spontaneous generation

Question 8

experimented on maggots; demonstrated that they appear on decaying meat to lay eggs on it

Answer 8

Fransesco Redi

Question 9

microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth; claimed that “vital force” is necessary

Answer 9

John Needham

Question 10

further explained Needham’s research; suggested that the results were affected by microorganisms in the air entering his broth

Answer 10

Lazarro Spallanzani

Question 11

introduced the “Concept of Biogenesis”

Answer 11

Rudolf Virchow

Question 12

states that living cells can arise only from pre-existing cells

Answer 12

concept of biogenesis

Question 13

demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis

Answer 13

Louis Pasteur

Question 14

known for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

Answer 14

Louis Pasteur

Question 15

used in the laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms in the air

Answer 15

aseptic techniques

Question 16

rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between 1857 and 1914

Answer 16

the golden age of microbiology

Question 17

a heating process used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk

Answer 17

pasteurization

Question 18

ferments sugar to alcohol

Answer 18

yeasts

Question 19

oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid

Answer 19

bacteria

Question 20

showed a casual relationship between microorganisms and disease through the germ theory of disease

Answer 20

Agostino Bassi and Pasteur

Question 21

introduced the use of disinfectant, phenol or carbolic acid, to clean surgical dressings

Answer 21

Joseph Lister

Question 22

proved that microorganisms cause disease, using koch’s postulates

Answer 22

Robert Koch

Question 23

resistance to a particular disease

Answer 23

immunity

Question 24

demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox materials provides humans with immunity from smallpox

Answer 24

Edward Jenner

Question 25

discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera; coined the word “vaccine”

Answer 25

Pasteur

Question 26

found a way to eradicate the bacterial spores; “tyndallization” or “fractional sterilization”

Answer 26

John Tyndall

Question 27

allows the destruction of spores through the introduction of a gap between treatments

Answer 27

tyndallization

Question 28

an obstetrician who introduced the mandatory practice of handwashing

Answer 28

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 29

the chemical treatment of a disease; destroys pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected host

Answer 29

chemotherapy

Question 30

2 types of chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 30

synthetic drugs & antibiotics

Question 31

chemically prepared in the laboratory

Answer 31

synthetic drugs

Question 32

substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

Answer 32

antibiotics

Question 33

introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis

Answer 33

Paul Ehrlich

Question 34

also known as arsphenamine or Compound 606

Answer 34

salvarsan

Question 35

observed that the mold (fungus) Penicillium inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture

Answer 35

Alexander Fleming

Question 36

has been clinically used as an antibiotic since the 1940s

Answer 36

Penicillin

Question 37

studied the pharmacological activity of Penicillin

Answer 37

Howard Florey & Boris Chain

Question 38

discovered 2 antibiotics, tyrocidine and gramicidin, produced by the bacterium Bacillus

Answer 38

Rene Dubos

Question 39

proposed a classification system for streptococci

Answer 39

Rebecca Lancefield

Question 40

reported that the organism causing mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that it passed through filters fine enough to stop all known bacteria

Answer 40

Dmitri Iwanowski

Question 41

facilitated the study of viral structure ad chemistry

Answer 41

Wendell Stanley

Question 42

demonstrated the relationship between genes and enzymes

Answer 42

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

Question 43

established that the DNA was the hereditary material

Answer 43

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, & Maclyn McCarty

Question 44

discovered that the genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by a process called “conjugation”

Answer 44

Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum

Question 45

proposed the double helical structure and replication of the DNA

Answer 45

James Watson & Francis Crick

Question 46

discovered messenger RNA; made the 1st major discoveries about regulation of gene function in bacteria

Answer 46

Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod

Question 47

a chemical involved in protein synthesis

Answer 47

messenger RNA

Question 48

showed that fragments of human or animal DNA that code for important proteins (genes) can be attached to bacterial DNA

Answer 48

Paul Berg