M1L1 Flashcards
study of microorganisms
microbiology
a large and diverse group that exists as single cells or cell clusters; also includes viruses
microorganisms
reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells”
Robert Hooke
states that all living things are composed of cells
cell theory (1665)
father of microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
the first person to actually observe live microorganisms (animalcules) through his simple, single-lens microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
the idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter; theory of abiogenesis
spontaneous generation
experimented on maggots; demonstrated that they appear on decaying meat to lay eggs on it
Fransesco Redi
microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth; claimed that “vital force” is necessary
John Needham
further explained Needham’s research; suggested that the results were affected by microorganisms in the air entering his broth
Lazarro Spallanzani
introduced the “Concept of Biogenesis”
Rudolf Virchow
states that living cells can arise only from pre-existing cells
concept of biogenesis
demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis
Louis Pasteur
known for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
used in the laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms in the air
aseptic techniques
rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between 1857 and 1914
the golden age of microbiology
a heating process used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk
pasteurization
ferments sugar to alcohol
yeasts
oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid
bacteria
showed a casual relationship between microorganisms and disease through the germ theory of disease
Agostino Bassi and Pasteur
introduced the use of disinfectant, phenol or carbolic acid, to clean surgical dressings
Joseph Lister
proved that microorganisms cause disease, using koch’s postulates
Robert Koch
resistance to a particular disease
immunity
demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox materials provides humans with immunity from smallpox
Edward Jenner
discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera; coined the word “vaccine”
Pasteur
found a way to eradicate the bacterial spores; “tyndallization” or “fractional sterilization”
John Tyndall
allows the destruction of spores through the introduction of a gap between treatments
tyndallization
an obstetrician who introduced the mandatory practice of handwashing
Ignaz Semmelweis
the chemical treatment of a disease; destroys pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected host
chemotherapy
2 types of chemotherapeutic agents
synthetic drugs & antibiotics
chemically prepared in the laboratory
synthetic drugs
substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms
antibiotics
introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
also known as arsphenamine or Compound 606
salvarsan
observed that the mold (fungus) Penicillium inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture
Alexander Fleming
has been clinically used as an antibiotic since the 1940s
Penicillin
studied the pharmacological activity of Penicillin
Howard Florey & Boris Chain
discovered 2 antibiotics, tyrocidine and gramicidin, produced by the bacterium Bacillus
Rene Dubos
proposed a classification system for streptococci
Rebecca Lancefield
reported that the organism causing mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that it passed through filters fine enough to stop all known bacteria
Dmitri Iwanowski
facilitated the study of viral structure ad chemistry
Wendell Stanley
demonstrated the relationship between genes and enzymes
George Beadle & Edward Tatum
established that the DNA was the hereditary material
Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, & Maclyn McCarty
discovered that the genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by a process called “conjugation”
Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum
proposed the double helical structure and replication of the DNA
James Watson & Francis Crick
discovered messenger RNA; made the 1st major discoveries about regulation of gene function in bacteria
Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod
a chemical involved in protein synthesis
messenger RNA
showed that fragments of human or animal DNA that code for important proteins (genes) can be attached to bacterial DNA
Paul Berg
