M13 - Medical Model and Neurobiology

Question 1

A branch of psychiatry that focuses on understanding mental disorders from a
biological standpoint.

Answer 1

Biological Psychiatry

Question 2

Focused on the role of current emotional stressors, early childhood
traumas, interpersonal problems, and intrapsychic conflict as causal agents in the development of psychiatric
symptomatology.

Answer 2

Psychologically Oriented Psychiatry

Question 3

using pharmaceutical drug

Answer 3

Pharmacotherapy

Question 4

is the study of the use of medications in treating mental disorders.

Answer 4

Psychopharmacology

Question 5

emphasizes the correlation between drug-induced changes in functioning of
cells in the nervous system and changes in consciousness and behavior.

Answer 5

Neuropsychopharmacology

Question 6

• to ameliorate the symptoms
• to stabilize the patient using medication; - begins with the initial prescribing of medication, and generally lasts for a period of up to six
  months of prescribed use (NIMH).

Answer 6

Acute Treatment

Question 7

• to prevent relapse after the initial improvement.
• to minimize possibility of patient decompensation after stabilization;
• extends from six months to one year (NIMH).

Answer 7

Continuum Treatment

Question 8

• to prevent future episodes of a disorder; prescribed drug use for a period of one
  to two years; long-term treatment.

Answer 8

Maintenance Treatment

Question 9

• deals with origin, source, identification, biosynthesis and isolation of the drug.

Answer 9

Pharmacognosy

Question 10

deals with manufacturing of drugs with dosage, and purity.

Answer 10

Pharmaceutics

Question 11

• deals with study of chemical nature and synthetic process involved in drug
  development.

Answer 11

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Question 12

deals with the role of genetic variations in response

Answer 12

Pharmacogenetics

Question 13

The study of what the body does to a drug.

Answer 13

Pharmacokinetics

Question 14

the movement of a substance

Answer 14

absorbtion

Question 15

• involves the scattering of drugs or substances throughout body tissues and fluids

Answer 15

distribution

Question 16

the transformation or breakdown of substances such that
they are prepared for elimination from the body; occurs in the liver.

Answer 16

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Question 17

• the process by which substances leave the body; occurs through the kidney

Answer 17

Excretion

Question 18

• drug metabolism that occurs when a drug goes through the liver soon after
  intestinal absorption, before reaching the systemic circulation

Answer 18

Liver First-Pass Extraction

Question 19

• proportion of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 19

Bioavailability

Question 20

• total area under the curve that describes the drug plasma as a function of time.

Answer 20

Area Under the Curve (AUC)

Question 21

apparent volume in which the drug is distributed after absorption.

Answer 21

Volume Distribution (Vd)

Question 22

drug quantity for unit of plasma

Answer 22

Concentration in Plasma (Cp)

Question 23

highest plasma concentration.

Answer 23

Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Question 24

time that it takes from drug administration to reach Peak
Plasma Concentration.

Answer 24

Time to Peak Plasma Concentration (Tmax)

Question 25

volume of plasma completely cleared of the drug in a unit of time; the
cumulative result of drug removal that occurs in the liver, kidney, and other parts of the body.

Answer 25

Clearance (Plasma Clearance: CL)

Question 26

is time required to bring down drug level in body by one half which is dependent on volume of
distribution and clearance.

Answer 26

Half Life

Question 27

with repeated dosing some drugs accumulate, which is inversely proportional to the
fraction of the dose, lost in each dosing interval.

Answer 27

Drug Accumulation

Question 28

• it can be immediate, delayed or cumulative

Answer 28

Drug Effect

Question 29

It studies the mechanism of a drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect.

Answer 29

Pharmacodynamics

Question 30

During absorption, drug-food interactions are more prevalent than drug-drug interactions. Example, absorption of antipsychotic drug, ziprasidone, is slowed down if taken without food. Interactions happen because of misinformation, misuse or often in instances where little or no
guidance is provided at all.

Answer 30

Drug Interactions

Question 31

• Antidepressants, antipsychotics and some of the older anticonvulsants are linked to significant drug
  interactions
• Be on alert for the drugs with narrow therapeutic indexes
• Be aware that the risk of drug interactions increases as the number of medications the patient is taking increases.

Answer 31

Psycotropic Medication Drug Interactions Worth Noting

Question 32

• secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress or arousal - principal neurotransmitter of sympathetic nerve endings supplying the major organs
  and skin.
• regulates alertness, anxiety, tension, and the ability to have positive feelings.
• released in response to an imminent danger, resulting in an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration.
• elevated levels can lead to states of increased anxiety, and in some cases, mania.
• low levels are implicated in depression.

Answer 32

Norepinephrine

Question 33

• a vasoconstrictor present in blood serum that is liked to the regulation of mood, anger, aggression, anxiety, appetite, learning, sleep, sexual functioning, states of consciousness and pain. - low levels are associated with clinical depression, OCD and anxiety disorders.

Answer 33

Serotonin

Question 34

• influences emotional behavior and cognition, and it regulates motor and endocrine activity, among other factors.
• functions in brain include attention, mood, sociability, motivation, desire, pleasure, and learning.
• associated with reward mechanisms in the brain.
• high level can lead to psychoses and schizophrenia

Answer 34

Dopamine

Question 35

• an amino acid that is the CNS major inhibitory neurotransmitter. - regulation of this is associated with emotional balance, sleep patterns and anxiety.
• low levels are associated with increased anxiety, irritability and agitation.
• activation of this, results in decreased anxiety which can be facilitated through the
  use of anti-anxiety agents, as well as mood stabilizing neuromodulators

Answer 35

GABA

Question 35

• released through the stimulation of vagus nerve, which alters heart-muscle
  contractility.
• important to functional memory.

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 35

• brain’s primary excitatory neurotransmitter; basic building block of proteins and play an
  important role in learning and memory.

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 35

• Beware of the words “studies show” or “clinical evidence indicates”.
• Realize that the peer review system is not perfect
• Look for who published the data

Answer 35

Research Studies

Question 36

1. Diagnostic journey begins with a thorough assessment of the presenting client’s situation. DSM stays on the
   sidelines
2. Have the ability to frame a series of insightful
3. Build rapport
4. Observation
5. Approach each session with a confident presence

Answer 36

Visits with the Client

Question 36

1. Dressing professionally
2. Displaying symbols of comfort in your office
3. Discreetly taking notes during sessions
4. Leaning slightly forward when addressing the client as a gesture of interest and
5. Continually soliciting the client’s beliefs and input when selecting treatment interventions.

Answer 36

Ways and Techniques for Developing Rapport