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Bio Mod 1 > M1.1 > Flashcards

M1.1 Flashcards

Learn the functions of cell components! (+transport through cell membrane)

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic

A

EUkaryotic - NuclEUs

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2
Q

Prokaryotic

A

No-karyotic - No nucleus

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Jelly-like fluid in the cell
  • Contains dissolved substances
  • Facilitates chemical reactions
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4
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Produces proteins
  • mRNA genetic codes translated into string of amino acids to produce proteins
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5
Q

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

A
  • Covered in ribosomes
  • Ribosomes synthesises proteins with information supplied by mRNA from the nucleus (close proximity for efficient protein synthesis)
  • Proteins transported to Golgi body by transport vesicles
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6
Q

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

A
  • Can produce lipids + steroid hormones
  • Abundant in steroid-producing cells e.g. kidneys, ovaries, testes
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7
Q

Golgi body

A
  • Membrane-bound vesicles
  • Package proteins + other molecules for transport
  • Receives proteins from rough ER
  • Protein travels through Golgi complex, undergoing modification
  • Protein pinched off into transport vesicles at the end and transported outside of cell
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8
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Produces enzymes for immune response
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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Plant:
- Maintain water balance

Animal:
- Store nutrients and waste

Also in prokaryotes

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10
Q

Size of cell formula

A

In mm:

Length of each cell = FoV / no. of cells
Or how many times a cell can fit across the diameter of the FoV

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11
Q

Magnification formula

A

(Total magnification on low power / total magnification on other power) = (field of view on other power / field of view on low power)

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12
Q

Total magnification

A

Ocular lens magnification x Objective lens magnification

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13
Q

Granum

A
  • Increase surface area of thylakoid membrane network → more light can be absorbed into chlorophyll
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14
Q

Prokaryote ATP

A
  • No mitochondria
  • ATP produced on cell surface membrane
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14
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Spherical structure in nucleus
  • Produces and assembles ribosomes
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15
Q

Transport proteins

A
  • Allow passage of substances across cell membrane
  • E.g. carrier and channel proteins
16
Q

Aquaporins (channel proteins)

A
  • Enable water to pass in and out of cell membrane by creating temporary pores
17
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membrane

A
  • Membrane is a fluid structure with proteins embedded in it
  • Components of membrane are not static, giving membranes flexibility
  • Proposed 1972 by Jonathan Singer + Garth Nicolson
18
Q

Integral proteins

A
  • Permanently embedded in membrane
  • Ones that extend from top to bottom are called transmembrane proteins
  • Can also only extend partway down

Examples: carrier and channel proteins

19
Q

Extrinsic proteins

A
  • Peripherally attached
  • Present on outer or inner edge
  • Can bond with carbohydrates to form glycoproteins
20
Q

Role of cholesterol

A
  • Warm temp (e.g. 37C): restrains phospholipid movement because higher temp: more fluidity
  • Cool temp: prevents tight packing, maintaining fluidity (because lower temp: less fluidity)
21
Q

Cell membrane composition

A
  • Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
22
Q

Passive movement across cell membrane

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
23
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Movement of any molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration
  • Stops when substance is uniformly distributed (equilibrium is reached)
  • Facilitated diffusion: carrier proteins and channel proteins help large molecules and charged particles diffuse into the cell
24
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A
  • Difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell
  • Combined gradient of chemical concentration and electrical charge that affects an ion
25
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Movement of solvent from area of high solvent concentration to area of low solvent concentration across a semi-permeable membrane
  • Also a movement from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration
26
Q

Isotonic

A
  • State of equilibrium in which the concentration of fluids inside and outside a cell are equal
27
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solute concentration outside > inside
Solvent concentration inside > outside

  • Solute from inside the cell will move in to achieve isotonic state
  • Cell in hypertonic solution will shrink/shrivel as solvent (water) moves out of the cell through osmosis
28
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • Solute concentration inside > outside
  • Solute will move out to achieve isotonic state
  • Cell in hypotonic solution will swell and possibly burst as solvent (water) moves into the cell through osmosis
29
Q

Active transport

A
  • ATP energy is used to move molecules from low concentration area to high concentration area
30
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Cell membrane surrounds a large particle that has moved into the cell, engulfing it
  • E.g. phagocytosis by WBC, pinocytosis
31
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane from the inside to release substances outside the cell
32
Q

Effect of carbon dioxide waste

A
  • Reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which can increase pH and denature enzymes
33
Q

Effect of water waste

A
  • Reacts with carbon dioxide to from carbonic acid, which can increase pH and denature enzymes
34
Q

Carbohydrates vs lipids

A

Carbohydrates:
- Water soluble (easier to transport)
- Short term energy storage
- Used for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Lipids:
- Not water soluble (harder to transport)
- Long term energy storage
- Only used for aerobic respiration

Both:
- Organic molecules
- Present on cell membrane surface
- Energy storing molecules

35
Q

Benefit of organelles

A

Definition: specialised structures found in eukaryotic cells

  • Keeps relevant chemicals in their designated place and prevents other chemicals from interfering with ongoing chemical reactions
  • Increases efficiency as multiple processes can occur simulatenously, for example ATP synthesis in mitochondria occurs at the same time as protein synthesis in rough ER
36
Q

Autotroph energy source

A
  • Does NOT produce its own energy (energy can’t be created!)
  • BUT autotrophs can create organic substances/sources of energy from inorganic substances/sources of energy that are readily found in their ecosystem.
  • e.g. photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce organic material

Bio Mod 1 (5 decks)

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