M103 T3 L1 COPY Flashcards
What are some effects of hypertension?
Vessel damage and heart damage
Syncope and shock
Which side of the heart is for which circulation type?
Right - pulmonary
Left - systemic
What are the kidneys’ function?
Acts as the primary base of maintenance and determination of elecrolytes in the blood
What are the functions of circulation?
Perfusion, thermostasis, Immunity
Homeostasis of ECF via kidneys
Distribution of hormones
What are the differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary - mainly series based flow
Systemic - mainly parallel based flow
What is the equation for blood pressure?
BP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
What are the different %s for where blood is situated in the body?
64% in the veins
9% in the lungs
7% in heart in diastole
other
How many leaflets do most heart valves have and how many do the mitral valves have?
Most have 3 leaflets, mitral has 2
What is the process by which the heart muscle contracts?
electrical stimulation creates actpt
the interior of myocytes turns positive
this triggers increase in intracellular free Ca, cCauses contraction
Free ca is removed, relaxes
interior myocytes slowly return to being negative
What determines the total volume of the blood system and increase blood pressure?
sodium and water
If your circulatory ____ matched your circulatory ____ you’d have normal ____ ____.
capacity
volume
bp
Which four processes occur in Bowman’s capsule? (REFS)
Reabsorption
Excretion
Filtration
Secretion
How many glomeruli are there per kidney?
1 M approx
What units is the Glomerial filtration rate measured in?
mL/min
What are three factors that could contribute to hypoxaemeia?
Anaemia (low Hb)
Tissue consumption too much for the flow
Problem with lungs leading to insufficient pressure and a failure of gas exchange
What three factors could lead to ischaemia?
vessel constriction
insufficient blood volume
low blood flow (due to low bp)
Which two conditions caused by lack of o2 in tissues are interlinked?
Hypoxia and Ischaemia
Isc = h but h doesn’t necessarily = ischaemia
How is angina pectoralis treated?
immediate relief - nitrate drugs
long term treatment - looks at preventing CHD - uses same medications
What is ischaemia caused by?
an obstruction / spams of the coronary artery
Ultimately may be caused by an embolism or by CAD
How is myocardial infarction treated? (MANHatten’s Oxygenated heart)
Morphine for pain
Oxygen so heart remains oxygenated
Aspirin - prevent formation of unwanted clots, reduce platelet activity
Nitrates - open up constricted blood vessels
Hospital, immediate reperfusion - e.g. PCI
What three symptoms is heart failure associated with?
(DFO)
Dysponea
Fatigue
Oedema
What are seizures caused by?
over excitation of nervous activity in the brain
What is syncope caused by?
heart malfunction such as shock, rhythmic arrhythmia
Where do the chordae tendineae originate from?
the papillary muscles
What does PCI stand for?
Percutaneous coronary intervention
What is the second largest vein in the human body?
Superior Vena Cava
What is the largest vein in the human body?
Inferior Vena Cava
What are features of splanchnic circulation?
two large capillary beds partially in series
What areas of the body are serviced by splanchnic circulation?
the GI tract, liver, spleen, and pancreas
