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Clinical Chemistry > M1 U2: Clinical Laboratory Apparatus and Supplies > Flashcards

M1 U2: Clinical Laboratory Apparatus and Supplies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is required by laboratory apparatus made in glass ?

A
  • Molded into any desired shape or form
  • Offers maximum inertness
  • Withstand thermal shock
  • Resilient to survive everyday knocks
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2
Q

Borosilicate glass is made with what glassforming constituents ?

A

Silica and Boron trioxide

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3
Q

Coefficient of thermal expansion is low

A

Borosilicate

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4
Q

Thermal stresses under a given temperature gradient are consequently low

A

Borosilicate

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5
Q

Glass can withstand higher temperature gradients and sudden temperature changes/ thermal shocks

A

Borosilicate

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6
Q

Minute scratching of this glass surface can reduce it’s thermal resistance

A

Borosilicate

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7
Q

This is regarded as the maximum safe operating temperature of borosilicate glasswate

A

Strain Point

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8
Q

Only these chemicals can increasingly attack Borosilicate’s glass surface with rising concentration and temperature

A

Hydrofluoric acid, very hot phosphoric acid, and alkaline solution

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9
Q

This is highly resistant to water neutral acid solutions, concentrated acids and their mixtures as well as to chlorine, bromine, iodine, and organic matters

A

Borosilicate

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10
Q

It can withstand repeated dry and wet sterilization without surface deterioration and subsequent contamination

A

Borosilicate

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11
Q

This glass water shows no noticeable absorption in the visible region of the spectrum and it appears consequently clear and colourless

A

Borosilicate

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12
Q

This glass has aluminum oxide in its composition

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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13
Q

Similar to borosilicate glass but it has greater chemical durability and can withstand higher operating temperatures

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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14
Q

Particularly suitable for use as a gauge glass

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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15
Q

Comparable to fused quartz in its heat resistance, chemical stability, and electrical characteristics

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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16
Q

This glass is strengthened chemically rather than thermally

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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17
Q

Used for high-precision analytical work

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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18
Q

Radiation-resistant and can also be used to for optical reflectors and mirrors

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

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19
Q

This glass is 96% silica, similar to fused quartz in its thermal properties

A

Vycor Glass

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20
Q

This glassware can be used continuously at 900C and intermittently to 1200C

A

Vycor Glass

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21
Q

This glassware is utilized for high thermal, drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment with acids (except hydrofluoric) and dilute alkali

A

Vycor Glass

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22
Q

The products that resisted the impact of chemical medium and temperature differences momentarily and limitedly re mostly manufacture of the ___

A

Soda-lime Glass

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23
Q

Lower energy demand and longer working times make this glassware most inexpensive

A

Soda-lime Glass

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24
Q

This glassware can be recycled easily

A

Soda-lime Glass

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25
Q

Usually, the soda-lime glass is used to make pipettes

A

Soda-lime Glass

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26
Q

There are some glass equipment that is tinted dark brown or amber

A

Low actinic Glass

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27
Q

This glassware can be created from any material and are named after the colour

A

Low actinic Glass

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28
Q

Why is Low actinic Glass this certain colour ?

A

This is done to protect light sensitive chemical compounds from getting altered by infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation

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29
Q

This glass ware is of high thermal resistance with a red colour

A

Low actinic Glass

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30
Q

This glassware are made to be used and discarded, no cleaning is necessary either before or after use in most cases

A

Disposable Glassware

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31
Q

This is starting to replace glassware in the laboratory

A

Plasticware

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32
Q

This is known to have unique high resistance to corrosion and breakage, as well as varying flexibility

A

Plasticware

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33
Q

Plasticware versions of glassware have the advantage of being ___

A

More durable and less expensive

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34
Q

Major types of resins frequently used in the clinical chemistry laboratory are ___

A

polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, tygon, teflon, polycarbonate, and polyvinyl chloride

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35
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 70C
  • Clear
  • Not autoclavable
  • Rigid
  • Disposable
A

Polysterene

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36
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 80C
  • Translucent
  • Not autoclavable
  • Flexible
  • All purpose reagent bottles, plastic test tube rack, carboys, droppers, specimen transport containers,
A

Conventional (CPE) / High-Density Polyethylene

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37
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 130C
  • Opaque
  • Autoclavable with caution
  • Rigid
  • All purpose reagent bottles, plastic test tube rack, carboys, droppers, specimen transport containers,
A

Linear (LPE) / Low-Density Polyethylene

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38
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 135C
  • Translucent
  • Autoclavable
  • Rigid
  • Screwcap and closure bottles
A

Polypropylene

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39
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 95C
  • Translucent
  • Autoclavable
  • Flexible
  • Tubings
A

Tygon

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40
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 205C
  • Clear to transluscent
  • Autoclavable
  • Flexible (easily stretched and warped)
  • Stopcocks, Wash Bottles, Beakers (for cryogenic experiments)
A

Teflon/ Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)/ Propylene/ Polytetrafluoroethylene

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41
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 135C
  • Very clear and shatterproof
  • Autoclavable
  • Rigid (Sterilizing reduces mechanical strength)
  • All-purpose large reagent containers, carboys, plastic test tube rack, graduated cylinders, and centrifuge tubes
A

Polycarbonate (PC)

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42
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 70C
  • Clear
  • Not autoclavable
  • Rigid
  • Bottles
A

Polyvinylchloride

43
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 120C
  • Clear
  • Autoclavable
  • Flexible
  • Tubing
A

Polyvinylchloride for tubing (PVC)

44
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 130C
  • Transluscent
  • Autoclavable
  • Moderately flexible
A

Polyallomer

45
Q

Type of plasticware:

  • Temperature limit: 165C
  • Clear
  • Autoclavable
  • Rigid
A

Polysulfone

46
Q

This plasticware is:

  • useful with water and aqueous salt solutions
  • it is recommended for use with acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, hydrocarbons, or essential oils
  • storage beyond 24 hours is discouraged
A

Polysterene

47
Q

This plasticware is:

  • chemically resistant to most substances, with exception of aldehydes, amines, ethers, hydrocarbons, and essential oils
  • usage of chemicals mentioned should be limited to 24 hours at room temperature
A

Polyethylene

48
Q

For CPE, exceptions to being chemically resistant would include ___

A

lubricating oils and silicone

49
Q

This plasticware has the same chemical resistance as LPE

A

Polypropylene

50
Q

This plasticware is:

  • chemically resistant to almost all chemicals used in the clinical laboratory
  • unique anti-adhesive properties and non-wettable surface
  • suitable for cryogenic experiments
  • Resist extreme temperatures (-270C to 255C)
A

Teflon

51
Q

This plasticware is:

  • very susceptible to damage by most chemicals
  • resistant to water, aqueous salts, food, and inorganic acids for a long period of time
A

Polycarbonate

52
Q

What committee established specifications for AR grade chemicals, and chemical manufacturers will either meet or exceed these requirements

A

American Chemical Society (ACS)

53
Q

These chemicals have been put through additional purification steps for use in specific procedures such as chromatography, atomic absorption, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, standardization, or other techniques that require extremely pure chemicals

A

Ultrapure chemicals

54
Q

USP (United States Pharmacopeia) and NF (National Formulary) are used to ___

A

Manufacture drugs

55
Q

These chemicals are not recommended or reagent preparation in clinical laboratories

A

Chemically Pure

56
Q

These reagents are used primarily in manufacturing and never be used in the clinical laboratory

A

Technical or commercial grade reagents

57
Q

These type of chemicals are labelled with HLPC or chromatographic

A

Ultrapure chemicals

58
Q

The preparation of these chemicals are not uniform

A

Chemically pure

59
Q

This organic reagent is “spectrally pure” and purity levels attained by spectrophotometric procedures

A

Spectroscopic grade organic reagents

60
Q

This organic reagent minimum purity of 99% determined by gas chromatography

A

Chromatographic grade organic reagents

61
Q

This is a highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity

A

Primary Standard

62
Q

These are used as primary standard in the clinical laboratory

A

Standard Reference Materials

63
Q

This is a substance of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to a primary standard

A

Secondary Standard

64
Q

Who developed the SRM ?

A

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) specifically for use in the clinical chemistry laboratory

65
Q

ACS purity tolerance of the primary standard >

A

100 ± 0.02%

66
Q

This is the removal of particulate matter from municipal water supplies before any additional treatment

A

Preliferation

67
Q

What does activated charcoal do in the purification of water?

A

Removes organic material and chlorine; absorption of organic matter

68
Q

What is considered as hard water ?

A

Containing calcium, iron, and other dissolved elements

69
Q

Filtration of hard water

A

Require glass or cotton filter than activated charcoal or submicron filter, which quickly become clogged and expensive to use

70
Q

Describe the mechanism of distillation

A

Boiling, vaporization -> water vapor into coil of a condenser -> lowering of temperature of water vapor -> condensation -> collection

71
Q

Distilled water meets specification of which types of water ?

A

Type II and Type III

72
Q

This purification process is when water is passed through a cation-exchange or an anion-exchange resin followed by replacement of the removed ions with hydroxyl or hydrogen ion

A

Deionization

73
Q

What is the two bed system in deionization of water ?

A

An anion resin is followed by a cation resin

74
Q

Deionization needs further treatment with ___ and ___ to remove organic impurities, particulate matter, and microorganisms to produce Type I water

A

membrane filtration and activated charcoal

75
Q

This is referred to as the utilization of pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane made of cellulose acetate or other materials

A

Reverse Osmosis

76
Q

This may be used as pretreatment for water

A

Reverse Osmosis

77
Q

This is excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins

A

Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration

78
Q

What is the biocidal wavelength of UV radiation in order to eliminate many bacteria ?

A

254 nm

79
Q

Use of ultraviolet radiation to kill bacteria

A

UV oxidation together with ozone treatment

80
Q

What are the categories of reagent grade water according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards ?

A 
Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water (CLRW)
Special Reagent Water (SRW)
Instrument Feed Water
Water Supplied by Method Manufacturer
Autoclave and Wash Water
Commercially Bottled Purified Water
81
Q

Purest reagent grade water

A

Type I Reagent Water

82
Q

Uses of Type I Reagent Water

A
  • prep of standard soln
  • quanti analytical procedures
  • electrophoresis
  • toxicology screening tests
  • high performance liquid chromatography
  • used immediately after it is produced and cannot be stored
83
Q

Used for general laboratory tests that do not require type I

A

Type II Reagent Water

84
Q

Uses of Type II Reagent Water

A
  • quali chem procedures

- most procedures done in hema, immuno, micro, and other clinical test areas

85
Q

Aka autoclave wash water and can be used as water source for prep of Type II and Type I

A

Type III Reagent Water

86
Q

Uses of Type III Reagent Water

A

washing and rinsing laboratory glassware, but not for analysis or reagent preparation; final rinse of glassware should be with type I or II

87
Q

Maximum colony count for type I reagent water

A

10 CFU/mL

88
Q

Maximum colony count for type II reagent water

A

100 CFU/mL

89
Q

Maximum colony count for type III reagent water

A

Not specified

90
Q

pH for type I reagent water

A

Not specified

91
Q

pH for type II reagent water

A

Not specified

92
Q

pH for type III reagent water

A

5 - 8

93
Q

Maximum silicate of type I reagent water

A

0.05 mg/L SiO2

94
Q

Maximum silicate of type II reagent water

A

0.1 mg/L SiO2

95
Q

Maximum silicate of type III reagent water

A

1 mg/L SiO2

96
Q

Maximum resistivity of type I reagent water at 25C

A

10

97
Q

Maximum resistivity of type II reagent water at 25C

A

1

98
Q

Maximum resistivity of type III reagent water at 25C

A

0.1

99
Q

CLRW

A
  • Particulate matter: water passed through 0.2 micrometer filter
  • Organics: water passed through activated carbon; <500 ppb
100
Q

SRW

A

water used for HPLC can be classified as SRW

used in testing that requires diff purity other than CLRW

101
Q

Instrument Feed Water

A

Intended for internal rinsing, dilution and water bath functions of automated instruments

102
Q

Water supplied by method manufacturer

A
  • supplied for use as a diluent or reagent

- generally NOT used as CLRW or SRW

103
Q

Autoclave and wash water

A
  • feed water for autoclaves and for automatic laboratory dishwashers with heat drying cycles
  • purified to low level of inorganic, organic and particulate impurities
104
Q

Commercially bottled purified water

A

must be validated for acceptable performance in the test procedures for which it will be used

Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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