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Physiological Optics (Lab) > M1 Stimulus-Response Phenomenon > Flashcards

M1 Stimulus-Response Phenomenon Flashcards

1
Q

The structure of the human eye is divided into what 2 parts?

A
  • Layer
  • Structures present inside
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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the human eye?

A
  • outer most layer or protective layer (sclera)
  • middle layer or nutritive layer (choroid)
  • inner most layer or sensory pigmented layer (retina)
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3
Q

What is the 1/6th part of the eye?

A

Cornea

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4
Q

What is the 5/6th part of the eye?

A

Sclera

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5
Q

Protects the eyeball?

A

Sclera

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6
Q

Gives nurtrient to the eyeball

A

Choroid

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7
Q

Camera of the eye or screen of the eye, where the light falls and then the brain will interpret

A

Retina

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8
Q

Neural layer of retina

A

Rods and cones

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9
Q

What are the photoreceptor

A

Rods and cones

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10
Q

Attached to choroid and absorbs light

A

Highly pigmented layer (retina)

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11
Q

Ligaments, hold the lens in place

A

Zonules

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12
Q

Transparent, curved layer that bends light to converge at lens

A

Cornea

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13
Q

Gives color to the eye, pigmented with color

A

Iris

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14
Q

Opening in the iris, the hole inside the iris

A

Pupil

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15
Q
  • Where the light rays bent and has radial and circular muscles that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
  • transparent
A

Crystalline lens

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16
Q

Is a thin epethelium covering surface of the eye ball secretes mucus to lubricate, clean and maintains shape of the eyeball

A

Conjunctiva

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17
Q

Is a transparent watery liquid in the anterior cavity

A

Aqueous humor

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18
Q

It is a medium for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients

A

Aqueous humor

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19
Q

It reflects light and maintains the shape of the eyeball

A

Aqueous humor

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20
Q

Soft, transparent and elastic in nature

A

Crystalline lens

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21
Q

It helps to focus light into the retina

A

Crystalline lens

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22
Q

Hold the lens in place

A

Sensory ligaments

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23
Q

Is a muscle that is able to contract and relax

A

Ciliary body

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24
Q

Is a transparent jelly like substance at the rear of the eye

A

Vitreous humor

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25
Q

It refracts light

A

Vitreous humor

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26
Q

Maintains shape of the eyeball

A

Vitreous humor

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27
Q

Is the light sensitive layer of the eye and bear photoreceptor cells called rods and cones

A

Retina

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28
Q

These cells convert electromagnetic waves from light energy to electrochemical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

A

Rods and cones (retina)

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29
Q

These waves are transmitted via optic nerve which contains sensory nerves

A

Retina

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30
Q

Is the place where nerve fibers connecting rods and cones

A

Blind Spot or optic disc

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31
Q

Has no photoreceptor cells

A

Blind Spot or optic disc

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32
Q

The middle layer on the top of the retina

A

Choroid

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33
Q

It has black pigments

A

Choroid

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34
Q

Prevents one internal refraction of light

A

Choroid

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35
Q

A though, opaque, non-elastic layer on the outside of the eyeball and helps maintain the shape of the eyebll

A

Sclera

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36
Q

Eye muscle holds the eye in place

A

Sclera

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37
Q

Secretes tears

A

Lacrimal gland or tear gland

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38
Q

3 types of tears

A
  • basal
  • reflex
  • psychic
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39
Q

Always present on the eye ensuring that the cornea is kept lubricated and nourished

A

Basal tears

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40
Q

The thin layer also smoothen the irregularities and creates a very even surface for optical quality.

A

Basal tears

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41
Q

It’s composition contains natural antibiotics which prevent eye from getting bacterial infections

A

Basal tears

42
Q

These years secreted in response to a sudden external factor or stimules causing irritation to the eye

A

Reflex tears

43
Q

Is to produce excess basal tears and wash out the factor causing discomfort to the ehe

A

Reflex tears

44
Q

Tears produced due to emotions contain a very different chemical composition

A

Pyschic tears

45
Q

They have more proteins mainly lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA, IgG, albumin and various hormones that acts as a natural painkillers

A

Psychic tears

46
Q

4 transparent media that pass through light

A
  • cornea
  • aqueous humor
  • crystalline lens
  • vitreous humor
47
Q

Represents the area of our retina that provides our highest acuity vision, and thus is at the center if our gaze

A

Fovea

48
Q

Doesn’t contain any photoreceptors, and so represents as an area of the retina that can’t process visual information, creating a natural blind spot

A

Optic disc

49
Q

Carries visual information toward the brain to be processed

A

Optic nerve

50
Q

Two other cell types in the retina

A

Horizontal cells and amocrine cells

51
Q

Receive input from multiple photoreceptor cells

A

Horizontal cells

52
Q

Integrate signalling from different populations of photoreceptor cells, make adjustments to the signal that will be sent to bipolar cells, and regulate activity in photoreceptor cells

A

Horizontal cells

53
Q

Receive signals from bipolar cells and are involved in the regulation and integration of activity in bipolar and ganglion cells

A

Amocrine cells

54
Q

Is anything that causes a response

A

Stimulus

55
Q

Plural of stimulus

A

Stimuli

56
Q

Reaction to a event

A

Response

57
Q

Is an easy to observe phenemenon. It occurs when there is a harmonious relation between what you observe and how you have to respond to it

A

Stimulus-response

58
Q

Are neurons in the retina of the eye that change visible light from the electromagnetic spectrum into signals that are perceived as images or sight.

A

Photoreceptors

59
Q

Two types of photoreceptors located at the back of the eye

A

Rods and cones

60
Q

Also known as photopc vision

A

Cones

61
Q

Are active at high light levels and allow us to see color

A

Cones

62
Q

RED, BLUE, and GREEN cones.

A

Cones

63
Q

a special chemical, which responds to a specific wavelength of light.

A

Photo pigment

64
Q

when the appropriate wavelength strikes a cone, a message is sent through other cell layers, which send the information to the brain via the optic nerve.

A

Photo pigment

65
Q

Also known as scotopic vision

A

Rods

66
Q

responsible for vision at low light levels.

A

Rods

67
Q

are activated by light but DO NOT register any colors.

A

Rods

68
Q

are activated by light but DO NOT register any colors.

A

Stimulus

69
Q

transform environmental stimuli into electrical nerve impulses

A

Receptors

70
Q

These impulses are then transmitted via neurons to the central nervous system where decision-making occurs

A

Receptors

71
Q

When a response is selected (consciously or unconsciously), the signal is transmitted via neurons to effectors

A

Receptors

72
Q

are organs (either muscles or glands) that produce a response to a stimulus

A

Effectors

73
Q

is a change in the organism resulting from the detection of a stimulus

A

Response

74
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons, relay and motor neurons

75
Q

transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Sensory neurons

76
Q

is sometimes defined as the process in which a sensory receptor is stimulated, making the brain to interpret it as sound, image, odor, taste, pain, among other qualities, whereas perception is consequently defined the process of making sense of the information coming from sensation.

A

Sensation

77
Q

(also known as interneurons) passes signals between neurons. It also transmit information within the CNS as part of the decision-making process.

A

Relay neurons

78
Q

are only found in the brain, visual system and spinal cord acting to relay signals.

A

Relay neurons

79
Q

transmit information from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands), in order to initiate a response.

A

Motor neurons

80
Q

receive signals from the central nervous system and initiate muscle contractions.

A

Motor neurons

81
Q

physical /mechanical forces in touch, hearing and pressure.

A

Mechano receptors

82
Q

Change in temperature

A

Thermoreceptor

83
Q

tissue damage (pain). The root word noci comes from Latin and means “hurt.”

A

Nocireceptor

84
Q

Respond to light

A

Photoreceptor

85
Q

chemicals in taste and smell and in internal changes. All chemoreceptors are stimulated by the presence of chemicals.

A

Chemo receptor

86
Q

to the body positions of skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints.

A

Proprio receptors

87
Q

It is the amount and type of energy required to stimulate a specific sensory organ.

A

Adequate stimulus

88
Q

can be used to classify sensory receptors

A

Adequate stimulus

89
Q

A sensory receptor’s adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the _____ transduction apparatus.

A

Adequate sensory

90
Q

Electric fields, salinity, and temperature

A

Apmullae of Lorenzini (primarily function as electroreceptors)

91
Q

Pressure in blood vessels

A

Baroreceptors

92
Q

Chemical stimuli

A

Chemo receptors

93
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation receptors

94
Q

Electro fields

A

Electro receptors

95
Q

Humidity

A

Hydroreceptors

96
Q

Infrared radiation

A

Infrared receptors

97
Q

Magnetic fields

A

Magneto receptors

98
Q

Osmolarity of fluids

A

Osmoreceptors

99
Q

Visible light

A

Photo receptors

100
Q

Ultraviolet radiation

A

Ultraviolet receptors

101
Q

A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus, while a phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus.

A

Rate of adaptation

Physiological Optics (Lab) (2 decks)

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