M1 Stimulus-Response Phenomenon Flashcards
1
Q
The structure of the human eye is divided into what 2 parts?
A
- Layer
- Structures present inside
2
Q
What are the 3 layers of the human eye?
A
- outer most layer or protective layer (sclera)
- middle layer or nutritive layer (choroid)
- inner most layer or sensory pigmented layer (retina)
3
Q
What is the 1/6th part of the eye?
A
Cornea
4
Q
What is the 5/6th part of the eye?
A
Sclera
5
Q
Protects the eyeball?
A
Sclera
6
Q
Gives nurtrient to the eyeball
A
Choroid
7
Q
Camera of the eye or screen of the eye, where the light falls and then the brain will interpret
A
Retina
8
Q
Neural layer of retina
A
Rods and cones
9
Q
What are the photoreceptor
A
Rods and cones
10
Q
Attached to choroid and absorbs light
A
Highly pigmented layer (retina)
11
Q
Ligaments, hold the lens in place
A
Zonules
12
Q
Transparent, curved layer that bends light to converge at lens
A
Cornea
13
Q
Gives color to the eye, pigmented with color
A
Iris
14
Q
Opening in the iris, the hole inside the iris
A
Pupil
15
Q
- Where the light rays bent and has radial and circular muscles that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
- transparent
A
Crystalline lens
16
Q
Is a thin epethelium covering surface of the eye ball secretes mucus to lubricate, clean and maintains shape of the eyeball
A
Conjunctiva
17
Q
Is a transparent watery liquid in the anterior cavity
A
Aqueous humor
18
Q
It is a medium for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
A
Aqueous humor
19
Q
It reflects light and maintains the shape of the eyeball
A
Aqueous humor
20
Q
Soft, transparent and elastic in nature
A
Crystalline lens
21
Q
It helps to focus light into the retina
A
Crystalline lens
22
Q
Hold the lens in place
A
Sensory ligaments
23
Q
Is a muscle that is able to contract and relax
A
Ciliary body
24
Q
Is a transparent jelly like substance at the rear of the eye
A
Vitreous humor
25
It refracts light
Vitreous humor
26
Maintains shape of the eyeball
Vitreous humor
27
Is the light sensitive layer of the eye and bear photoreceptor cells called rods and cones
Retina
28
These cells convert electromagnetic waves from light energy to electrochemical signals that can be interpreted by the brain
Rods and cones (retina)
29
These waves are transmitted via optic nerve which contains sensory nerves
Retina
30
Is the place where nerve fibers connecting rods and cones
Blind Spot or optic disc
31
Has no photoreceptor cells
Blind Spot or optic disc
32
The middle layer on the top of the retina
Choroid
33
It has black pigments
Choroid
34
Prevents one internal refraction of light
Choroid
35
A though, opaque, non-elastic layer on the outside of the eyeball and helps maintain the shape of the eyebll
Sclera
36
Eye muscle holds the eye in place
Sclera
37
Secretes tears
Lacrimal gland or tear gland
38
3 types of tears
- basal
- reflex
- psychic
39
Always present on the eye ensuring that the cornea is kept lubricated and nourished
Basal tears
40
The thin layer also smoothen the irregularities and creates a very even surface for optical quality.
Basal tears
41
It's composition contains natural antibiotics which prevent eye from getting bacterial infections
Basal tears
42
These years secreted in response to a sudden external factor or stimules causing irritation to the eye
Reflex tears
43
Is to produce excess basal tears and wash out the factor causing discomfort to the ehe
Reflex tears
44
Tears produced due to emotions contain a very different chemical composition
Pyschic tears
45
They have more proteins mainly lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA, IgG, albumin and various hormones that acts as a natural painkillers
Psychic tears
46
4 transparent media that pass through light
- cornea
- aqueous humor
- crystalline lens
- vitreous humor
47
Represents the area of our retina that provides our highest acuity vision, and thus is at the center if our gaze
Fovea
48
Doesn't contain any photoreceptors, and so represents as an area of the retina that can't process visual information, creating a natural blind spot
Optic disc
49
Carries visual information toward the brain to be processed
Optic nerve
50
Two other cell types in the retina
Horizontal cells and amocrine cells
51
Receive input from multiple photoreceptor cells
Horizontal cells
52
Integrate signalling from different populations of photoreceptor cells, make adjustments to the signal that will be sent to bipolar cells, and regulate activity in photoreceptor cells
Horizontal cells
53
Receive signals from bipolar cells and are involved in the regulation and integration of activity in bipolar and ganglion cells
Amocrine cells
54
Is anything that causes a response
Stimulus
55
Plural of stimulus
Stimuli
56
Reaction to a event
Response
57
Is an easy to observe phenemenon. It occurs when there is a harmonious relation between what you observe and how you have to respond to it
Stimulus-response
58
Are neurons in the retina of the eye that change visible light from the electromagnetic spectrum into signals that are perceived as images or sight.
Photoreceptors
59
Two types of photoreceptors located at the back of the eye
Rods and cones
60
Also known as photopc vision
Cones
61
Are active at high light levels and allow us to see color
Cones
62
RED, BLUE, and GREEN cones.
Cones
63
a special chemical, which responds to a specific wavelength of light.
Photo pigment
64
when the appropriate wavelength strikes a cone, a message is sent through other cell layers, which send the information to the brain via the optic nerve.
Photo pigment
65
Also known as scotopic vision
Rods
66
responsible for vision at low light levels.
Rods
67
are activated by light but DO NOT register any colors.
Rods
68
are activated by light but DO NOT register any colors.
Stimulus
69
transform environmental stimuli into electrical nerve impulses
Receptors
70
These impulses are then transmitted via neurons to the central nervous system where decision-making occurs
Receptors
71
When a response is selected (consciously or unconsciously), the signal is transmitted via neurons to effectors
Receptors
72
are organs (either muscles or glands) that produce a response to a stimulus
Effectors
73
is a change in the organism resulting from the detection of a stimulus
Response
74
3 types of neurons
Sensory neurons, relay and motor neurons
75
transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
Sensory neurons
76
is sometimes defined as the process in which a sensory receptor is stimulated, making the brain to interpret it as sound, image, odor, taste, pain, among other qualities, whereas perception is consequently defined the process of making sense of the information coming from sensation.
Sensation
77
(also known as interneurons) passes signals between neurons. It also transmit information within the CNS as part of the decision-making process.
Relay neurons
78
are only found in the brain, visual system and spinal cord acting to relay signals.
Relay neurons
79
transmit information from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands), in order to initiate a response.
Motor neurons
80
receive signals from the central nervous system and initiate muscle contractions.
Motor neurons
81
physical /mechanical forces in touch, hearing and pressure.
Mechano receptors
82
Change in temperature
Thermoreceptor
83
tissue damage (pain). The root word noci comes from Latin and means “hurt.”
Nocireceptor
84
Respond to light
Photoreceptor
85
chemicals in taste and smell and in internal changes. All chemoreceptors are stimulated by the presence of chemicals.
Chemo receptor
86
to the body positions of skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints.
Proprio receptors
87
It is the amount and type of energy required to stimulate a specific sensory organ.
Adequate stimulus
88
can be used to classify sensory receptors
Adequate stimulus
89
A sensory receptor’s adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the _____ transduction apparatus.
Adequate sensory
90
Electric fields, salinity, and temperature
Apmullae of Lorenzini (primarily function as electroreceptors)
91
Pressure in blood vessels
Baroreceptors
92
Chemical stimuli
Chemo receptors
93
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation receptors
94
Electro fields
Electro receptors
95
Humidity
Hydroreceptors
96
Infrared radiation
Infrared receptors
97
Magnetic fields
Magneto receptors
98
Osmolarity of fluids
Osmoreceptors
99
Visible light
Photo receptors
100
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet receptors
101
A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus, while a phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus.
Rate of adaptation
