[M1] Midterm (Identification) Flashcards
It is the entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired
population
It is a subset of the population, selected for study.
sample
The branch of statistics that includes methods for organizing and summarizing data.
descriptive statistics
The branch of statistics that involves generalizing from a sample to the population from which the sample was selected and assessing the reliability of such generalizations.
inferential statistics
A ______ is any characteristic whose value may change from one individual or object
to another.
variable
______ result from making observations either on a single variable or simultaneously on
two or more variables.
data
A data set consisting of observations on a single characteristic is a ___________.
univariate data set
A univariate data set is _______ if the individual observations are categorical responses.
categorical (or qualitative)
A univariate data set is _________ if each observation is a number.
numerical (or quantitative)
The result from obtaining a category or value of pairs of numbers on two different characteristics.
Bivariate data
The result from obtaining a category or value for each of two or more attributes
Multivariate data
A numerical variable results in ______ data if the possible values of the variable correspond to isolated points on the number line.
discrete
A numerical variable results in _______ data if the set of possible values forms an entire interval on the number line
continuous
In an experiment, the researcher manipulates one or more explanatory variables, also sometimes called _________, to create the experimental conditions.
factors
The investigator observes characteristics of
a sample selected from one or more existing populations.
observational study
The investigator observes how a response variable behaves when one or more explanatory variables, also called factors, are
manipulated.
experiment
Draw conclusions about the corresponding population or about differences between two or more populations.
goal of an observational study
determine the effect of the manipulated explanatory variables (factors) on the response variable.
goal of an experiment
Related to both group membership and the response variable of interest in a research study.
confounding variable
Tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population in some systematic way.
bias
Tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population as a result of systematic exclusion of some part of the population.
Selection Bias
Tendency for samples to differ from the
corresponding population because the method of observation tends to produce
values that differ from the true value.
Measurement or Response Bias
Tendency for samples to differ from the
corresponding population because data are not obtained from all individuals
selected for inclusion in the sample.
Survey Nonresponse Bias
A sample that is selected from a population in a way that ensures that every different possible sample of the desired size has the same chance of being selected.
random sampling
After each successive item is selected for the sample, the item is replaced back into the population and may therefore be selected again at a later stage.
sampling with replacement
After being included in the sample, an individual or object would not be considered for further selection.
Sampling without replacement
Sampling method wherein the entire population can be divided into a set of non-overlapping subgroups.
Stratified Random Sampling
This involves dividing the population of interest into non-overlapping subgroups, called clusters.
Cluster Sampling
A procedure that can be used when it is possible to view the population of interest as consisting of a list or some other sequential arrangement.
Systematic Sampling.
Using an easily available or convenient group to form a sample.
Convenience Sampling
A voluntary encounter between strangers in which an interviewer seeks information from a respondent by engaging in a special type of
conversation.
survey
The Respondent’s Task
(1) Comprehension
(2) Retrieval from Memory
(3) Reporting the Response
The procedure usually requires the interviewer to ask prepared questions and to record the respondent’s answers.
personal interview
Surveys conducted through telephone interviews are frequently less expensive than personal interviews, owing to the elimination of travel expenses.
telephone interview
These questionnaires usually are mailed to
the individuals included in the sample, although other distribution methods can be used.
Self-administered questionnaire
It is used in many surveys that do not involve measurements on people.
Direct observation.
It is a study in which one or more explanatory variables are manipulated in order to observe the effect on a response variable.
experiment
It is any particular combination of values for the explanatory variables.
experimental condition
Experimental conditions are also called ______.
treatments
It is the smallest unit to which a treatment is applied.
experimental unit
______ are those variables that have values that are controlled by the experimenter. Also called independent variable or factors.
explanatory variables
_______ is a variable that is not controlled by the experimenter and that is measured as part of the experiment. Also called dependent variable.
response variable
It is one that is not one of the explanatory variables in the study but is thought to affect the response variable.
extraneous variable
Two variables are ________ if their effects on the response variable cannot be
distinguished from one another.
confounded
_______ (of subjects to treatments or of
treatments to trials) to ensure that the experiment does not systematically favor one experimental condition (treatment) over another.
random assignment
Using extraneous variables to create groups (blocks) that are similar. All experimental conditions (treatments) are then tried in each block.
Blocking
Holding extraneous variables constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions (treatments).
direct control
Ensuring that there is an adequate number of observations for each experimental condition.
replication
Experimental designs in which experimental units are assigned at random to treatments
or in which treatments are assigned at random to trials.
completely randomized designs
When blocking is used, the design is called a ________.
randomized block design
_____ is something that is identical (in appearance, taste, feel, etc.) to the treatment received by the treatment group, except that it contains no active ingredients
placebo
