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Engineering Data Analysis > [M1] Midterm (Identification) > Flashcards

[M1] Midterm (Identification) Flashcards

1
Q

It is the entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired

A

population

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2
Q

It is a subset of the population, selected for study.

A

sample

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3
Q

The branch of statistics that includes methods for organizing and summarizing data.

A

descriptive statistics

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4
Q

The branch of statistics that involves generalizing from a sample to the population from which the sample was selected and assessing the reliability of such generalizations.

A

inferential statistics

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5
Q

A ______ is any characteristic whose value may change from one individual or object
to another.

A

variable

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6
Q

______ result from making observations either on a single variable or simultaneously on
two or more variables.

A

data

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7
Q

A data set consisting of observations on a single characteristic is a ___________.

A

univariate data set

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8
Q

A univariate data set is _______ if the individual observations are categorical responses.

A

categorical (or qualitative)

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9
Q

A univariate data set is _________ if each observation is a number.

A

numerical (or quantitative)

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10
Q

The result from obtaining a category or value of pairs of numbers on two different characteristics.

A

Bivariate data

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11
Q

The result from obtaining a category or value for each of two or more attributes

A

Multivariate data

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12
Q

A numerical variable results in ______ data if the possible values of the variable correspond to isolated points on the number line.

A

discrete

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13
Q

A numerical variable results in _______ data if the set of possible values forms an entire interval on the number line

A

continuous

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14
Q

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates one or more explanatory variables, also sometimes called _________, to create the experimental conditions.

A

factors

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15
Q

The investigator observes characteristics of
a sample selected from one or more existing populations.

A

observational study

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16
Q

The investigator observes how a response variable behaves when one or more explanatory variables, also called factors, are
manipulated.

A

experiment

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17
Q

Draw conclusions about the corresponding population or about differences between two or more populations.

A

goal of an observational study

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18
Q

determine the effect of the manipulated explanatory variables (factors) on the response variable.

A

goal of an experiment

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19
Q

Related to both group membership and the response variable of interest in a research study.

A

confounding variable

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20
Q

Tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population in some systematic way.

A

bias

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21
Q

Tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population as a result of systematic exclusion of some part of the population.

A

Selection Bias

22
Q

Tendency for samples to differ from the
corresponding population because the method of observation tends to produce
values that differ from the true value.

A

Measurement or Response Bias

23
Q

Tendency for samples to differ from the
corresponding population because data are not obtained from all individuals
selected for inclusion in the sample.

A

Survey Nonresponse Bias

24
Q

A sample that is selected from a population in a way that ensures that every different possible sample of the desired size has the same chance of being selected.

A

random sampling

25
Q

After each successive item is selected for the sample, the item is replaced back into the population and may therefore be selected again at a later stage.

A

sampling with replacement

26
Q

After being included in the sample, an individual or object would not be considered for further selection.

A

Sampling without replacement

27
Q

Sampling method wherein the entire population can be divided into a set of non-overlapping subgroups.

A

Stratified Random Sampling

28
Q

This involves dividing the population of interest into non-overlapping subgroups, called clusters.

A

Cluster Sampling

29
Q

A procedure that can be used when it is possible to view the population of interest as consisting of a list or some other sequential arrangement.

A

Systematic Sampling.

30
Q

Using an easily available or convenient group to form a sample.

A

Convenience Sampling

31
Q

A voluntary encounter between strangers in which an interviewer seeks information from a respondent by engaging in a special type of
conversation.

A

survey

32
Q

The Respondent’s Task

A

(1) Comprehension
(2) Retrieval from Memory
(3) Reporting the Response

33
Q

The procedure usually requires the interviewer to ask prepared questions and to record the respondent’s answers.

A

personal interview

34
Q

Surveys conducted through telephone interviews are frequently less expensive than personal interviews, owing to the elimination of travel expenses.

A

telephone interview

35
Q

These questionnaires usually are mailed to
the individuals included in the sample, although other distribution methods can be used.

A

Self-administered questionnaire

36
Q

It is used in many surveys that do not involve measurements on people.

A

Direct observation.

37
Q

It is a study in which one or more explanatory variables are manipulated in order to observe the effect on a response variable.

A

experiment

38
Q

It is any particular combination of values for the explanatory variables.

A

experimental condition

39
Q

Experimental conditions are also called ______.

A

treatments

40
Q

It is the smallest unit to which a treatment is applied.

A

experimental unit

41
Q

______ are those variables that have values that are controlled by the experimenter. Also called independent variable or factors.

A

explanatory variables

42
Q

_______ is a variable that is not controlled by the experimenter and that is measured as part of the experiment. Also called dependent variable.

A

response variable

43
Q

It is one that is not one of the explanatory variables in the study but is thought to affect the response variable.

A

extraneous variable

44
Q

Two variables are ________ if their effects on the response variable cannot be
distinguished from one another.

A

confounded

45
Q

_______ (of subjects to treatments or of
treatments to trials) to ensure that the experiment does not systematically favor one experimental condition (treatment) over another.

A

random assignment

46
Q

Using extraneous variables to create groups (blocks) that are similar. All experimental conditions (treatments) are then tried in each block.

A

Blocking

47
Q

Holding extraneous variables constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions (treatments).

A

direct control

48
Q

Ensuring that there is an adequate number of observations for each experimental condition.

A

replication

49
Q

Experimental designs in which experimental units are assigned at random to treatments
or in which treatments are assigned at random to trials.

A

completely randomized designs

50
Q

When blocking is used, the design is called a ________.

A

randomized block design

51
Q

_____ is something that is identical (in appearance, taste, feel, etc.) to the treatment received by the treatment group, except that it contains no active ingredients

A

placebo

Engineering Data Analysis (2 decks)

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