(M1) MASTERFORMAT - MASONRY Flashcards
1
Q
created by CSI to standardize information about construction requirements, products, and activities
A
MASTER LIST
2
Q
To facilitate communication among architects, contractors, specifiers, and suppliers
A
MASTER LIST
3
Q
MEANING OF CSI
A
CONSTRUCTIONS SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE
4
Q
following time relationship or chronological order related to order of performance.
A
APRIL 1963
5
Q
publication of the first CSI Format for Construction Specifications
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APRIL 1963
6
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update on the title, CSI Format – Master list of Specifications Sections Titles
A
1972
7
Q
1220 listings (Sections) and introduced a 5-digit numbering scheme
A
1972
8
Q
1290 listings (Sections)
A
1975
9
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published major revision titled MasterFormat™ - Master List of Numbers and Title
A
1978
10
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2120 Sections
A
1978
11
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introduced “Division 0” – sparked controversy due to its content
A
1978
12
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introduced the name MasterFormat™ to replace CSI Format
A
1978
13
Q
MasterFormat™ was revised and published with Division 0 numbers titled “Document Number”
A
1983
14
Q
In 1983, MasterFormat™ was revised and published with Division 0 numbers titled
A
Document Number
15
Q
another revision this time introducing degrees of details in Specifications
A
1988
16
Q
5-year cycle of revisions to MasterFormat. This version was delayed due to objections.
A
1993
17
Q
edition of MasterFormat™ - Master List of Numbers and Titles for the Construction Industry was published jointly by CSI and CSC
A
1995
18
Q
MEANING OF CSC
A
Construction Specifications Canada
19
Q
This is to accommodate changes in construction technology. Now officially called,
A
MasterFormat 2004
20
Q
Full title of Master Format 2004
A
MasterFormat 2004 Edition- Master List of Numbers and Titles for Construction Industry
21
Q
From 16 divisions to __ divisions; 5 digit to _ digit numbering
A
50;6
22
Q
Group 1
A
Procurement and Contraction Requirements Group (Division 00)
23
Q
Group 2: General Specifications
A
Division 01
24
Q
Group 2: Facility Construction
A
Div 02-19
25
Group 2: Facility Services
Division 20-29
26
Group 2: Site and Infrastructure
Division 30-39
27
Group 2: Process Equipment
Division 40-49
28
Under MasterFormat 2004 how many level of details is published?
4
29
“Work results” mean
Result work defined in the General Conditions of Contract
30
a versatile construction material.
Concrete
31
COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE
Cement (Portland Cement)
Water
Aggregates (filler)
Chemical admixtures
32
Concrete comes from the Latin word ___________ meaning compact or condensed
Concretus
33
Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as
hydration
34
The water reacts with cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. Also known as?
man made rock
35
What is CONCRETE?
STRONG, DURABLE, VERSATILE, & ECONOMICAL
36
The STRENGTH of concrete depends upon
1. Quality of Ingredients
2. Relative Quantities
3. Manner in which they are mixed
4. Transported
5. Placed
6. Compacted
7. Cured
37
FULL CURING TIME OF CONCRETE
28 days full curing time
38
In 800 BC- 300 AD, Greeks used this to produce concrete
lime mortars
39
In 800 BC- 300 AD, Romans used this to build baths, harbors, The Colosseum, and The Pantheon
Pozzolana cement
40
In 1849, reinforced concrete was invented by
Joseph Monier
41
In what year was air entraining, fly ash, and ready mix was introduced?
1930-1936
42
In 1930-1936, construction completed on the
Hoover Dam
43
In 1956, _______________ in concrete was introduced
Fiber reinforcement
44
In 1975, this was introduced as a pozzolanic additive
Silica fume
45
In 1976, this opened the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world at the time.
Water Tower Place
46
In 2009, this building is named the World's Tallest Building.
Burj Khalifa
47
How tall is Burj Khalifa?
2,717 ft tall
48
In 2010, Worldwide Portland Cement production reached how many metric tons?
3.3 Billion Metric Tons
49
They used more cement between 2011 and 2013 than the U.S. used in the entire 20th Century.
China
50
it is essential for quality concrete
good water
51
It should be good enough to drink, free of trash, excessive chemical
water
52
The strength and other properties of concrete are highly dependent on?
the amount of water and the water-cement ratio
53
Occupy 60-80% of the volume of concrete
aggregates
54
they are the primary aggregates used
Sand, Gravel, and Crushed Stones
55
All aggregates must be essentially free of
silt and/or organic matter.
56
ingredients other than Portland cement, water, and aggregates
Admixtures
57
Added to the concrete mixture immediately or during mixing
Chemical Admixtures
58
The use of admixtures in concrete is now widespread due to many benefits
- reduces the amount of water requirement
- control the setting behavior of concrete
- improves the workability, durability, and strength of concrete
59
types of chemical admixtures
- Accelerators
- Retarders
- Entraining agents
- Plasticizers
- Superplasticizers
60
The type of admixture increases the setting property of concrete mix.
accelerators
61
example of accelerators
calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium sulphite, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, and potassium sulphate
62
This type of admixture can low the setting property of concrete.
retarders
63
It is also able to slow down the chemical reaction between cement and water.
retarders
64
examples of retarders
sugar, lignin, hydroxylated carboxylic acids, phosphates, cellulose
65
disadvantages of retarders
increases the plastic shrinkage and help to increase cracking.
66
This type of admixture uses the air in the form of bubble and distribute throughout the cement paste.
air entraining agents
67
are used when resistance of concrete increases to protect the concrete against freezing.
air entrainers
68
amount of air entrainer is
1%
69
This are used for improving the plasticity of fresh concrete to reduce water content.
plasticizers
70
It complete different from plasticizer chemically.
superplasticizers
71
It also made of same elements, but it is most used in the production of high strength company.
superplasticizers
72
Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden under or with excess water through the hydration of the cement’s chemical compounds or minerals.
cement
73
_________________ of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds having hydraulic properties
crystalline compound
74
Concrete is strong in _____________, as the aggregate efficiently carries thecompression load but weak in __________.
COMPRESSION; TENSION
75
solves these problems by adding either metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass fiber, and plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
REINFORCED CONCRETE/ Reinforcement
76
Types of Concrete
- Air-Entrained Concrete
- Decorative Concrete
- Dry lean Concrete/ Roller Compacted Concrete
- Cold Mix Asphalt
- Warm Mix Asphalt
- Hot Mix Asphalt
- Ferro Cement Concrete
- Fiber Reinforced Concrete
- Fly Ash Concrete
- Normak Strength Concrete
- High-Density Concrete
- High Strength Concrete
- Plain or Ordinary Concrete
- Pervious Concrete
- Permeable Concrete
- Lime Concrete
- Shotcrete Concrete
- Silica Fume Concrete
- Polymer Concrete
- Prestressed Concrete
- Precast Concrete
- Pre-Packed Concrete
- Rapid Hardening Concrete
- Ready Mix Concrete
- Reinforced Concrete
- Stamped Concrete
- Self-Compacting Concrete
77
Properties of Concrete
* High Compressive Strength, Lower Tensile Strength
* Elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops.
* Low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks
* Concrete structures will crack to some extent due to shrinkage and tension
* Can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, seawater effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, physical damage, and chemical damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulfates)
78
Building with units of various natural or manufactured products, as stone, brick or concrete block, usually with the use of mortar (grout) as a bonding agent.
MASONRY
79
Production process of burnt bricks
(a) Soil sample
(b) Mixing of soil and water
(c) Moulding of bricks
(d) Racking green bricks
(e) Burning of bricks
(f) Stacking of burnt bricks
80
The Lime Cycle
carbonation ---> burning ---> slaking
81
is absorbed over time to form Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Water-born Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
82
is mixed with selected sands to produce mortars and plasters, or with water to produce limewash
Slacked lime (putty)
83
Burt lime is also known as
quicklime or lumpline
84
slaking burn lime in either
(i) an excess of water to produce a putty
(ii) a shortfall of water to produce a powder (hydrate)
(ii) in damp sand to produce a hot mix
85
5th to 15th century; Stones was frequently used to build castles, bridges, cathedrals and mosques
The Middle Ages
86
Why did the Middle Ages use stone?
Support much heavier superstructures.
87
made it easy to quarry especially in transporting materials
technology
88
More elaborate structures were made as a part of experimenting design and workability of thematerial.
Industrial Revolution
89
are widely used in construction today
Metals and Concrete Blocks
90
There’s a decline in usage of these materials due to other new materials emerging – faster production, versatility are just some of the factors
modern times
91
considered as high strength masonry units
Steel reinforced masonry
92
brick types
- burnt clay brick
- concrete brick
- sand lime brick
- fly ash brick
- engineering brick
93
Very common for fences
clay brick
94
Used in general works (easy works), walls, and facades
clay brick
95
it is the most resistant to building fires of any masonry unit
clay brick
96
It is shaped and dimensioned to fit the human hand (less likely to crack during drying or firing than larger bricks, and easier for the mason to manipulate).
traditional brick
97
3 Major Methods Used for Forming Bricks
1. Soft Mud Process
2. Dry-Press Process
3. Stiff Mud Process
98
relatively moist clay pressed into simple rectangular molds.
Soft-Mud Process
99
Bricks are dried for ______________ in a low-temperature dryer Kiln.
one or two days
100
Will be ready then for transformation into their final form by a process known as
Firing or burning
101
bricks produced with relatively smooth, dense surface.
Water Struck Bricks
102
the least costly and most widely used today.; Bricks produced by this process are highly uniform in dimension and shape.
Stiff-Mud Process
103
softens edges and corners and introduces a greater individuality in appearance among units.
Tumbling
104
stacking of bricks in a loose array.
Clamp
105
covered with earth or clay, built a woodfire under the clamp, and maintaining the fire for a period of several days.
clamp
106
Sorting of Bricks
1. Clinker Bricks
2. Bricks in a zone of the clamp near fire
3. Farther from the fire
4. Bricks from around the perimeter of the clamp
107
bricks closest to the fire
Clinker Bricks
108
overburned and distorted
Clinker Bricks
109
unattractive; unsuitable for exposed brickwork
Clinker Bricks
110
fully burnt but undistorted
Bricks in a zone of the clamp near fire
111
suitable for exterior-facing bricks with a high degree of resistance to weather.
Bricks in a zone of the clamp near fire
112
softer; set aside for use as a backup bricks
Farther from the fire
113
not burned sufficiently, discarded
Bricks from around the perimeter of the clamp
114
Is a fixed structure that is loaded with bricks, fired, cooled, and unloaded
Periodic Kiln
115
For higher productivity, bricks are passed continuously through a long _____________ on special railcars to emerge at the far end fully burned.
Tunnel Kiln
116
color of a brick depends on the
chemical composition of the clay or shale and the temperature and chemistry of the fire in the kiln
117
Higher temperature means
Darker bricks produced
118
The iron that is prevalent in most clays turns _____ in an oxidizing fire and _____in a reducing fire
red; purple
119
Made from fly ash, sand, and water.
fly ash brick
120
a waste product from coal-fired power generation
fly ash
121
The FLY ASH acts as the ________ and the SAND as the ____________.
binder; aggregate
122
Have equal performance and similar appearance
Fly Ash & Traditional Clay Bricks
123
Three Types of Dimensions:
Specified dimension, Actual dimension, Nominal dimension
124
Standard mortar joint widths vary from
3⁄8 to 1⁄2 inch (9.5 to 12.7 mm)
125
standard mortar joint thickness
3/8 in (9.5mm)
126
LAYING BRICKS
STRETCHER, SOLDIER, HEADER, ROWLOCK STRETCHER, SAILOR, & ROWLOCK
127
Bricks can be assembled in a wall in several patterns, referred to as _______________ or simply as ________.
bond patterns; bonds
128
The purpose of a bond is ___________ as well as ___________.
functional; aesthetic
129
It is meant to stagger the units so that the load on one unit is shared by an increasing number of underlying units
BOND
130
used for lightly loaded boundary walls, has a sequence of a header and three stretchers in each course, with each header being centered over a header in alternate courses
Garden-wall bond
131
has alternate courses of headers and stretchers in which the headers are centered on stretchers and the joints between stretchers line up vertically in all courses.
English bond
132
commonly used for cavity, and veneer walls, is composed of overlapping stretchers
Running bond
133
has a course of headers between every five or six courses of stretcher.
Common bond
134
also known as the American bond
Common bond
135
It has successive courses of stretcher with all head joints aligned vertically. Because units do not overlap, horizontal joint reinforcement is required @ 16" (405) o.c. in unreinforced walls.
stack bond
136
has alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being centered above and below a stretcher. Flare headers with darker ends are often exposed in patterned brickwork
Flemish bond
137
It is a modified Flemish bond in which courses of alternate headers and stretchers alternate with stretching courses.
Flemish cross bond
138
It is a form of Flemish cross bond in which the courses are offset to form a diamond pattern
Flemish diagonal bond
139
a horizontal layer of bricks or other masonry units
course
140
a vertical layer of masonry units one unit thick
wythe
141
a brick laid with its face parallel to the wall and its long dimension horizontal
stretcher
142
a brick laid so as to bond two wythes together
header
143
a brick laid on its end with its face parallel to the wall
soldier
144
a brick laid on its face with its end visible in the wall face
rowlock
145
consists entirely of stretchers
running bond
146
alternated courses of headers and stretchers
English bond
147
alternates header and stretchers in each course
flemish bond
148
the construction of a brick wall begins with the
laying of leads
149
it establish the wall planes and course heights
lead
150
Mortar joints vary in THK from _________ but are typically __________.
¼” to ½"; 3/8” THK
151
are mortar joints compressed and shaped with any tool other than a trowel.
Tooled joints
152
compresses the mortar and forces it tightly against the brick surfaces, providing maximum protection against water penetration in areas subject to high winds or heavy rains.
Tooling
153
are finished by striking off excess mortar with a trowel.
Troweled joints
154
the mortar is cut or struck off with the trowel. The most effective of these is the weathered joint – it sheds water
troweled joints
155
is made by removing mortar to a given depth with a square-edged too before hardening. They are for interior use only
Raked joint
156
is analogous to reinforced concrete construction.
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM)
157
is built by installing steel reinforcing bars in a thickened collar joint, and then filling the joint with Portland cement grout.
reinforced brick loadbearing wall
158
is obtained by taking rock from the earth and reducing it to the required shapes and sizes for construction
building stone
159
Classifies stone used in building construction into 6 Groups
ASTM C119
160
ASTM C119 – Classifies stone used in building construction into 6 Groups
1. Granite
2. Limestone
3. Quartz-Based Stone
4. Slate
5. Marble
6. Other..
161
meaning of ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
162
is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
163
is the igneous rock most commonly used for construction (North America).
Granite
164
is a mosaic of mineral crystals, principally feldspar and quartz (silica), and can be obtained in a range of colors that includes gray, black, pink, red, brown, buff, and green
Granite
165
colors of granite
gray, black, pink, red, brown, buff, and green
166
nonporous, hard, strong, and durable, and is the most nearly permanent of building stones
granite
167
granite dimensions specifications
ASTM C615
168
“Black Granite”
Basalt
169
very dense, durable igneous rock; usually in a dark gray color
Basalt
170
is one of the two principal sedimentary rock types used in construction.
Limestone
171
composition of limestone
calcium carbonate (oolitic limestone)
calcium and magnesium carbonates (dolomitic limestone).
.
172
colors of limestone
almost White to Gray and buff to Iron Oxide Red
173
Porous and contains considerable groundwater (quarry sap)
limestone
174
limestone dimensions specifications
ASTM C568
175
Corinthian column capital was carved from a single 30-ton (27-metric-ton) block of
Indiana limestone
176
one of the two metamorphic stone groups utilized in building construction.
Slate
177
formed from clay
Slate
178
Dense, hard stone with closely spaced planes of cleavage, along which it is easily split into sheets.
slate
179
slate is useful for
paving stones, roof shingles, and thin wall facings
180
colors of slate
black, gray, purple, blue, green, and red.
181
Slate dimensions specifications.
ASTM C629
182
is the second of the major metamorphic rock groups
Marble
183
Recrystallized form of limestone; Easily carved and polished
Marble
184
colors of marble
white, black, and nearly every other color, with beautiful patterns of veining
185
the patterns of marble is called
veining
186
marble dimension specifications
ASTM C503
187
second major sedimentary rock type used in building construction
sandstone
188
quartz-based stone
sandstone
189
formed in ancient times from deposits of quartz sand (silicon dioxide)
sandstone
190
silicone dioxide
quartz sand
191
colors of sandstone
Vary significantly with the material that cements the sand particles – silica, carbonates of lime, iron oxide
192
2 Familiar Forms of Sandstone:
brownstone & bluestone
193
quartz-based dimensions specifications
ASTM C616
194
also called engineeredstone countertops, are man-made products.
Quartz Countertop
195
They are made of 93% to 95% ground-up natural quartz stone and a small number of other minerals and colorants. The rest is a durable resin that holds it all together
Quartz Countertop
196
are 100% natural rock that is taken out of the ground, cut to fit and installed
Granite Countertops
197
Stone is used in two fundamentally different ways in buildings
stone masonry & stone cladding
198
It may be laid in mortar, much like bricks or concrete blocks, to make walls, arches, and vaults, a method of construction referred to as
stone masonry
199
it may be mechanically attached to the structural frame or walls of a building as a facing, called
stone cladding
200
meaning of CMUs
Concrete Masonry Units
201
Products of Cement, Sand (fine course), and Water molded into shapes and sizes and works similar to other masonry units.
Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs)
202
Concrete masonry units (CMUs) are manufactured in three (3) basic forms:
1. larger hollow units that are commonly referred to as concrete blocks
2. solid bricks
3. less commonly, larger solid units
203
The major ASTM standards under which concrete masonry units are manufactured are:
* ASTM C90 for loadbearing units
* ASTM C129 for non-loadbearing units
* ASTM C55 for concrete bricks.
204
for loadbearing units
ASTM C90
205
for non-loadbearing units
ASTM C129
206
for concrete bricks.
ASTM C55
207
are interchangeable with modular clay bricks. Header units accept the tails of a course of headers from a brick facing.
Concrete bricks
208
have space for horizontal reinforcing bars and grout and are used to tie a wall together horizontally. They are also used for reinforced block lintels.
Bond beam units
209
A-blocks are used to build walls with vertical reinforcing bars grouted into the cores in situations where there is insufficient space to lift the blocks over the tops of the projecting bars; one such situation is a concrete masonry backup wall that is built within the frame of a building
A-blocks
210
Concrete masonry is ____________________________ to increase its load-bearing capacity or resistance to seismic forces and cracking
frequently reinforced with steel
211
are constructed by stacking concrete masonry units in a running bond directly upon one another without the application of mortar. Where leveling is required, metal or high-density plastic shims are used
Dry-stacked and surface-bonded masonry walls
212
Surface-bonded masonry unit construction and materials are governed by
ASTM C946
213
are easily and economically manufactured in an unending variety of surface patterns, textures, and colors intended for exposed use in exterior and interior walls
Decorative concrete masonry units/ Architectural concrete masonry units
214
durable, easy-to-clean surfaces(public corridors, toilets, institutional kitchen, lockers, shower rooms, & industrial plants
Structural Glazed Facing Tiles of clay
215
glazed or unglazed molded decorative units of fired clay
Structural terra cotta
216
is made from sand, lime, water, and a small amount of aluminum powder. These materials are reacted with steam to produce a relatively lightweight, aerated concrete that consists primarily of calcium silicate hydrates
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)
