M1: Growth & Development Flashcards
A result of maturation of the nervous system and psychological reaction. Determined by both genetics(nature) and environment(nurture). Qualitative changes whereby matiration, function and skills are increased or enhanced.
Development
Process by which a living being or any of its parts increases in size and mass, either by multiplication or enlargement of component cells.
Growth
Brought about by genetic endowment (biologic), personal eating habits (psychologic) and access to nutrition (social and economics).
Height
There is a development first of the brain then to the extremities.
Cephalo-caudal dev’t
Sequences of changes leading to particular attainments. Progress in _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ & _________.
Gross motor, Fine motor, Social, Emotional, Language & Cognition “GF SELC”
Most practical and useful in the physical assessment of a child. Easiest to measure.
Anthropometric Data
Anthropometric Data includes
Height, Weight & Head circumference “HWH”
Allow comparison not only with his peers but also reflect his own progress. Direction of the child’s growth curve. Deviations from his percentile may indicate presence of factors adversely affecting growth. Conveniently described by charts.
Growth & Table Charts
Growth & Table Charts: is a poor of assessing a child’s nutritional status.
Single measurement
Growth & Table Charts: are plotted on the y-axis or ordinate.
Anthropometric measurements
Growth & Table Charts: are plotted on the x-axis or abscissa
Age of the child
For rapid computation of the weights and heights of infants and children in the absence of handy tables and charts
Formulas
Formula for weight among infants below 6months of age
Wt. in grams = age in months x 600 + birth weight
Formula for weight among infants 6-12months of age
Wt. in grams = age in months x 500 + birth weight
Average birth weight for Filipino infants
3000 grams
Formula for weight among children 2 years and up (in kg)
Wt in Kg = age in years x 2 + 8
Unit of measurement for weight among infants
Grams
Formula for weight among children 2 years and up (in lbs)
Wt in pounds = age in years x 5 + 17
Formula for weight among children 6-12 years (pounds)
Wt in pounds = age in years x 7 + 5
Unit of measurement used among children 2 years and up for weight
Kilogram
Age of Adolescence among male
12
Age of Adolescence among female
10
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 2x birth weight.
4-5months
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 3x birth weight.
1yr
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 4x birth weight.
2yrs
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 5x birth weight.
3yrs
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 6x birth weight.
5yrs
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 7x birth weight.
7
Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 10x birth weight.
10
How to take the Height: the child lies on a firm table with a measuring stick or centimeter ruler ____________.
Fastened to one edge
How to take the Height: the head is held _______ by one observer against a fixed upright board placed at the _____ mark.
Firm. Zero.
How to take the Height: the other observer pushes a movable upright board against the __________.
Sole of the feet
Average birth length
50cm or 20inches
Total average gain in length during the 1st year
25cm
Average additional length from birth to 3mos
9cm
Average additional length from 3-6mos
8cm
Average additional length from 6-9mos
5cm
Average additional length from 9-12mos
3cm
Maximum age that you can get the recumbent height & length
2y/o
Maximum age where in you’ll measure head circumference
3y/o
Unit of measurement for height
Cm
Formula for height in cm
Ht in cm = age in years x 5 + 80
Formula for height in inches
Ht in inches = age in years x 2 + 32
Followed up during the first three years of life. Reflect the status of brain growth. Indicates disturbances of the skull and its contents. Bigger the chest circumference at birth. Catches up at midyear. Smaller then chest circumference in the ________.
Head circumference. First year.
Head circumference is ______ of the total height in newborn.
1/4
Head circumference is ______ of the total height in adult.
1/8
Retention of infantile body proportions
Hypothyroid dwarf
Head circumference: HC at birth
35cm
Head circumference: the tape applied firmly over the ________ and the ________ anteriorly and that part of the occiput which gives the maximal circumference posteriorly.
Glabella. Supraorbital ridges.
Head circumference: care should be taken that the tape has not _______ with aging.
Stretched
Head circumference: for the first year of life, for the first 4 months
1/2 in/month. (2inches)
Head circumference: for the first year of life, next 8 months
1/4 in/months. (2inches)
Head circumference: for the second year
1 inch
Head circumference: for ages 3-5 yrs
1/2 in/year. (1.5inches)
Head circumference: for ages 6-20 yrs
1/2 in/5yrs. (1.5inches)
Normal head circumference
35cm
Normal chest circumference
32cm
Normal abdomen circumference
30cm
Ratio of transverse to the anteriorposterior diameter
Thoracic index
As the child grows older, the ___________ increases at a faster pace.
Transverse diameter
Additional Chest measurement at birth
1
Additional Chest measurement at one year
1.25
Additional Chest measurement at 6yrs
1.35
Chest measurement, Midrespiration at the level of the __________ or the ____________.
Xiphoid cartilage. Substernal notch.
Sitting height or crown rump. Its relationship to height and symphysis pubis-heel(sole). Indicate growth abnormalities. ______ at birth. ___ at 10 years.
Crown-symphysis pubis. 1.7 & 1
Arm span exceeds total height
Eunochoid proportion
Degree of nutrition
Midarm circumference
Degree of under or over nutrition
Skinfold measurements
A very good gauge of nutrition for the under 6 years old. Taken with the left arm hanging naturally at the side. The circumference is measured at a midpoint between the __________ and ___________.
Upper midarm circumference. Acromial process & Olecranon.
Rough estimate of the body composition
Skinfold thickness
Measured over the posterior surface of the triceps of the left arm by calipers placed at a point halfway between the acromion and the olecranon as the arm hangs naturally at the side of the chest.
Triceps SFT
Is measured below the angle of the scapula
Subscapular SFT
Is picked up between the thumb and the forefinger of the left hand and pinched clean away from the underlying muscle
Fold of skin & Subcutaneous tissue
Should be picked up firmly and held between the fingers all the time that the measurement is being taken
Fold
Are applied to the fold a little below the fingers so that pressure on the fold at the point measured is exerted by this faces and not by the fingers.
Calipers
When the caliper has been applied, the ______ are permitted to exert the full pressure on the skin by the examiner removing the fingers of his right hand from the trigger-lever of the caliper.
Jaws
Healthy. Set of values that generates a normal (_________) distribution. Ex: height, weight and age of independent standing.
Normal. Bell-shaped.
Distance away from the mean that can be expressed in terms of the number of standard deviation.
Z score
In Z score: the further the measurement falls from the mean, the __________ that it represents a pathologic condition.
Greater probability
Z Score: Is rarely a problem, unless it is so excessive that it indicates an endocrine problem.
Tallness (1)
Z Score: A child may have a growth problem, but this is better assessed from _________ or _________.
Weight for Length/BMI (2)
Z Score: It is possible for a stunted or severely stunted child to become _________.
Overweight (4)
Z Score: A plotted point ________ shows possible risk. A trend towards the 2 z-score line shows definite _______.
Above 1. Risk. (3)
Z Score: This is referred to as very __________ in IMCI training modules.
Low weight. (5)
Formula for Dentition
No. of teeth = age in months - 6
Dentition: If delayed beyond ______, requires investigation of the thyroid, parathyroid and derivatives of the ectoderm.
12 months
Stages as qualitatively different epochs in the development of emotion and cognition
Psychoanalytic Theories
Age for Infancy
0-1
Age for Preschool
3-6
Age for Adolescence
12-20
Age for toddlerhood
2-3
Age for School age
6-12
Freud Psychosexual: for infancy
Oral
Freud Psychosexual: for toddler
Anal
Freud Psychosexual: for Preschool
Oedipal
Freud Psychosexual: for school age
Latency
Freud Psychosexual: for adolescence
Genital
Freud Psychosexual: Body centered drives more on
Sexual
Freud Psychosexual: shifts with maturation from ________ (sucking in the 1st yr of life) to ___________.
Oral satisfactions. Anal sensations.
Freud Psychosexual: prominent during the anal toddler years
Holding on & Letting go
Freud Psychosexual: possessiveness toward a parent in preschool years.
Oedipal drives
Freud Psychosexual: Genital drives in
Puberty and beyond
Freud Psychosexual: adequate resolution of
Conflicts
Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for infancy
Basic Trust vs Mistrust
Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for toddlerhood
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for preschool
Initiative vs Guilt
Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for school age
Industry vs Inferiority
Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for adolescence
Identity vs Role Confusion
Erikson Psychosocial: Recast Freud’s stage in terms of emerging ________.
Personality
Erikson Psychosocial: Basic trust develops in successful negotiation of __________.
Infantile needs
Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for Infancy & Toddlerhood
Sensorimotor
Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for Preschool
Preoperational
Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for school age
Concrete operations
Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for adolescence
Formal operations
Piaget Cognitive: changes in ________, not just quantity.
Quality
Piaget Cognitive: during this stage, infant’s thinking is tied to immediate sensations and a child’s ability to manipulate objects
Sensorimotor stage
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 1 (0-6mos)
Premoral
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 2 (6-12mos)
Premoral
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 3. Avoid punishment or Obtain rewards (1-3)
Preconventional
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 4. (3-7)
Naive Instrumental Hedonism
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 5. (7-9)
Conformity
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 6. (9-12)
Law & Order
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 7. (12-18)
First Stage of True Morality
Kohlberg Moral: Stage 8. (18-21)
True Morality
Kohlberg Moral: Preschoolers’ earliest sense of right and wrong is _________, motivated by externally applied controls.
Egocentric
