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PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS > M1: Growth & Development > Flashcards

M1: Growth & Development Flashcards

0
Q

A result of maturation of the nervous system and psychological reaction. Determined by both genetics(nature) and environment(nurture). Qualitative changes whereby matiration, function and skills are increased or enhanced.

A

Development

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1
Q

Process by which a living being or any of its parts increases in size and mass, either by multiplication or enlargement of component cells.

A

Growth

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2
Q

Brought about by genetic endowment (biologic), personal eating habits (psychologic) and access to nutrition (social and economics).

A

Height

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3
Q

There is a development first of the brain then to the extremities.

A

Cephalo-caudal dev’t

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4
Q

Sequences of changes leading to particular attainments. Progress in _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ & _________.

A

Gross motor, Fine motor, Social, Emotional, Language & Cognition “GF SELC”

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5
Q

Most practical and useful in the physical assessment of a child. Easiest to measure.

A

Anthropometric Data

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6
Q

Anthropometric Data includes

A

Height, Weight & Head circumference “HWH”

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7
Q

Allow comparison not only with his peers but also reflect his own progress. Direction of the child’s growth curve. Deviations from his percentile may indicate presence of factors adversely affecting growth. Conveniently described by charts.

A

Growth & Table Charts

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8
Q

Growth & Table Charts: is a poor of assessing a child’s nutritional status.

A

Single measurement

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9
Q

Growth & Table Charts: are plotted on the y-axis or ordinate.

A

Anthropometric measurements

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10
Q

Growth & Table Charts: are plotted on the x-axis or abscissa

A

Age of the child

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11
Q

For rapid computation of the weights and heights of infants and children in the absence of handy tables and charts

A

Formulas

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12
Q

Formula for weight among infants below 6months of age

A

Wt. in grams = age in months x 600 + birth weight

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13
Q

Formula for weight among infants 6-12months of age

A

Wt. in grams = age in months x 500 + birth weight

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14
Q

Average birth weight for Filipino infants

A

3000 grams

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15
Q

Formula for weight among children 2 years and up (in kg)

A

Wt in Kg = age in years x 2 + 8

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16
Q

Unit of measurement for weight among infants

A

Grams

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17
Q

Formula for weight among children 2 years and up (in lbs)

A

Wt in pounds = age in years x 5 + 17

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18
Q

Formula for weight among children 6-12 years (pounds)

A

Wt in pounds = age in years x 7 + 5

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19
Q

Unit of measurement used among children 2 years and up for weight

A

Kilogram

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20
Q

Age of Adolescence among male

A

12

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21
Q

Age of Adolescence among female

A

10

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22
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 2x birth weight.

A

4-5months

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23
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 3x birth weight.

A

1yr

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24
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 4x birth weight.

A

2yrs

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25
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 5x birth weight.

A

3yrs

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26
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 6x birth weight.

A

5yrs

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27
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 7x birth weight.

A

7

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28
Q

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 10x birth weight.

A

10

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29
Q

How to take the Height: the child lies on a firm table with a measuring stick or centimeter ruler ____________.

A

Fastened to one edge

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30
Q

How to take the Height: the head is held _______ by one observer against a fixed upright board placed at the _____ mark.

A

Firm. Zero.

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31
Q

How to take the Height: the other observer pushes a movable upright board against the __________.

A

Sole of the feet

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32
Q

Average birth length

A

50cm or 20inches

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33
Q

Total average gain in length during the 1st year

A

25cm

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34
Q

Average additional length from birth to 3mos

A

9cm

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35
Q

Average additional length from 3-6mos

A

8cm

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36
Q

Average additional length from 6-9mos

A

5cm

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37
Q

Average additional length from 9-12mos

A

3cm

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38
Q

Maximum age that you can get the recumbent height & length

A

2y/o

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39
Q

Maximum age where in you’ll measure head circumference

A

3y/o

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40
Q

Unit of measurement for height

A

Cm

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41
Q

Formula for height in cm

A

Ht in cm = age in years x 5 + 80

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42
Q

Formula for height in inches

A

Ht in inches = age in years x 2 + 32

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43
Q

Followed up during the first three years of life. Reflect the status of brain growth. Indicates disturbances of the skull and its contents. Bigger the chest circumference at birth. Catches up at midyear. Smaller then chest circumference in the ________.

A

Head circumference. First year.

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44
Q

Head circumference is ______ of the total height in newborn.

A

1/4

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45
Q

Head circumference is ______ of the total height in adult.

A

1/8

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46
Q

Retention of infantile body proportions

A

Hypothyroid dwarf

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47
Q

Head circumference: HC at birth

A

35cm

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48
Q

Head circumference: the tape applied firmly over the ________ and the ________ anteriorly and that part of the occiput which gives the maximal circumference posteriorly.

A

Glabella. Supraorbital ridges.

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49
Q

Head circumference: care should be taken that the tape has not _______ with aging.

A

Stretched

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50
Q

Head circumference: for the first year of life, for the first 4 months

A

1/2 in/month. (2inches)

51
Q

Head circumference: for the first year of life, next 8 months

A

1/4 in/months. (2inches)

52
Q

Head circumference: for the second year

A

1 inch

53
Q

Head circumference: for ages 3-5 yrs

A

1/2 in/year. (1.5inches)

54
Q

Head circumference: for ages 6-20 yrs

A

1/2 in/5yrs. (1.5inches)

55
Q

Normal head circumference

A

35cm

56
Q

Normal chest circumference

A

32cm

57
Q

Normal abdomen circumference

A

30cm

58
Q

Ratio of transverse to the anteriorposterior diameter

A

Thoracic index

59
Q

As the child grows older, the ___________ increases at a faster pace.

A

Transverse diameter

60
Q

Additional Chest measurement at birth

A

1

61
Q

Additional Chest measurement at one year

A

1.25

62
Q

Additional Chest measurement at 6yrs

A

1.35

63
Q

Chest measurement, Midrespiration at the level of the __________ or the ____________.

A

Xiphoid cartilage. Substernal notch.

64
Q

Sitting height or crown rump. Its relationship to height and symphysis pubis-heel(sole). Indicate growth abnormalities. ______ at birth. ___ at 10 years.

A

Crown-symphysis pubis. 1.7 & 1

65
Q

Arm span exceeds total height

A

Eunochoid proportion

66
Q

Degree of nutrition

A

Midarm circumference

67
Q

Degree of under or over nutrition

A

Skinfold measurements

68
Q

A very good gauge of nutrition for the under 6 years old. Taken with the left arm hanging naturally at the side. The circumference is measured at a midpoint between the __________ and ___________.

A

Upper midarm circumference. Acromial process & Olecranon.

69
Q

Rough estimate of the body composition

A

Skinfold thickness

70
Q

Measured over the posterior surface of the triceps of the left arm by calipers placed at a point halfway between the acromion and the olecranon as the arm hangs naturally at the side of the chest.

A

Triceps SFT

71
Q

Is measured below the angle of the scapula

A

Subscapular SFT

72
Q

Is picked up between the thumb and the forefinger of the left hand and pinched clean away from the underlying muscle

A

Fold of skin & Subcutaneous tissue

73
Q

Should be picked up firmly and held between the fingers all the time that the measurement is being taken

A

Fold

74
Q

Are applied to the fold a little below the fingers so that pressure on the fold at the point measured is exerted by this faces and not by the fingers.

A

Calipers

75
Q

When the caliper has been applied, the ______ are permitted to exert the full pressure on the skin by the examiner removing the fingers of his right hand from the trigger-lever of the caliper.

A

Jaws

76
Q

Healthy. Set of values that generates a normal (_________) distribution. Ex: height, weight and age of independent standing.

A

Normal. Bell-shaped.

77
Q

Distance away from the mean that can be expressed in terms of the number of standard deviation.

A

Z score

78
Q

In Z score: the further the measurement falls from the mean, the __________ that it represents a pathologic condition.

A

Greater probability

79
Q

Z Score: Is rarely a problem, unless it is so excessive that it indicates an endocrine problem.

A

Tallness (1)

80
Q

Z Score: A child may have a growth problem, but this is better assessed from _________ or _________.

A

Weight for Length/BMI (2)

81
Q

Z Score: It is possible for a stunted or severely stunted child to become _________.

A

Overweight (4)

82
Q

Z Score: A plotted point ________ shows possible risk. A trend towards the 2 z-score line shows definite _______.

A

Above 1. Risk. (3)

83
Q

Z Score: This is referred to as very __________ in IMCI training modules.

A

Low weight. (5)

84
Q

Formula for Dentition

A

No. of teeth = age in months - 6

85
Q

Dentition: If delayed beyond ______, requires investigation of the thyroid, parathyroid and derivatives of the ectoderm.

A

12 months

86
Q

Stages as qualitatively different epochs in the development of emotion and cognition

A

Psychoanalytic Theories

87
Q

Age for Infancy

A

0-1

88
Q

Age for Preschool

A

3-6

89
Q

Age for Adolescence

A

12-20

90
Q

Age for toddlerhood

A

2-3

91
Q

Age for School age

A

6-12

92
Q

Freud Psychosexual: for infancy

A

Oral

93
Q

Freud Psychosexual: for toddler

A

Anal

94
Q

Freud Psychosexual: for Preschool

A

Oedipal

95
Q

Freud Psychosexual: for school age

A

Latency

96
Q

Freud Psychosexual: for adolescence

A

Genital

97
Q

Freud Psychosexual: Body centered drives more on

A

Sexual

98
Q

Freud Psychosexual: shifts with maturation from ________ (sucking in the 1st yr of life) to ___________.

A

Oral satisfactions. Anal sensations.

99
Q

Freud Psychosexual: prominent during the anal toddler years

A

Holding on & Letting go

100
Q

Freud Psychosexual: possessiveness toward a parent in preschool years.

A

Oedipal drives

101
Q

Freud Psychosexual: Genital drives in

A

Puberty and beyond

102
Q

Freud Psychosexual: adequate resolution of

A

Conflicts

103
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for infancy

A

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

104
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for toddlerhood

A

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

105
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for preschool

A

Initiative vs Guilt

106
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for school age

A

Industry vs Inferiority

107
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for adolescence

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

108
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Recast Freud’s stage in terms of emerging ________.

A

Personality

109
Q

Erikson Psychosocial: Basic trust develops in successful negotiation of __________.

A

Infantile needs

110
Q

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for Infancy & Toddlerhood

A

Sensorimotor

111
Q

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for Preschool

A

Preoperational

112
Q

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for school age

A

Concrete operations

113
Q

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for adolescence

A

Formal operations

114
Q

Piaget Cognitive: changes in ________, not just quantity.

A

Quality

115
Q

Piaget Cognitive: during this stage, infant’s thinking is tied to immediate sensations and a child’s ability to manipulate objects

A

Sensorimotor stage

116
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 1 (0-6mos)

A

Premoral

117
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 2 (6-12mos)

A

Premoral

118
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 3. Avoid punishment or Obtain rewards (1-3)

A

Preconventional

119
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 4. (3-7)

A

Naive Instrumental Hedonism

120
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 5. (7-9)

A

Conformity

121
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 6. (9-12)

A

Law & Order

122
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 7. (12-18)

A

First Stage of True Morality

123
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 8. (18-21)

A

True Morality

124
Q

Kohlberg Moral: Preschoolers’ earliest sense of right and wrong is _________, motivated by externally applied controls.

A

Egocentric

PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS (5 decks)

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