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SAS 13 > M1 > Flashcards

M1 Flashcards

1
Q

James Zadroga

A

provides medical care and compensation for those who are sick with World Trade Center (WTC) illnesses, including first responders who came to New York from every state and nearly all Congressional districts in the nation

Granioloma : giant cells that form around foreign object..

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2
Q

Francis Collins

A

CysticFibrosis founder

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3
Q

disease taxonomy

A

classification scheme for diseases

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4
Q

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A

-used to facilitate communication

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5
Q

ICD-Clinical Modification

A
  • used to facilitate communication
  • mortality stats
  • public health/ morbidity data
  • biling purposes

Y-38 terrorism

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6
Q

medical coding

A

ICD 10 code maker

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7
Q

body systems

A

disease can be classified depending on which body system its affected

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8
Q

disease etiology

A

classifying disease by cause

  • infectious
    ex: protist - malaria
  • genetic
  • environmental
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9
Q

nutritional deficiency

A

Beri beri : due to lack of vitamin B1 due to polished rice

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10
Q

nutritional deficiency

A

cause of lack of a nutrient

Beri beri : due to lack of vitamin B1 due to polished rice

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11
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disease that is life shortening

a mutation CFTR and results in clogging airways due to mucus

also infectious bc of slime producing bacterium

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12
Q

beriberi

A

means “ I cant I cant”
symptoms : severe fatigue and heart failure

environmental disease due to polished rice not having Vitamin B1

polished rice became popular because europeans brought mills that remove husk to elongate shelf life

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13
Q

beriberi

A

means “ I cant I cant”
symptoms : severe fatigue and heart failure

environmental disease due to polished rice not having Vitamin B1

polished rice became popular because europeans brought mills that remove husk to elongate shelf life

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14
Q

disease etymology

A

the study of words/ origin

des= away
disease = away from ease
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15
Q

infection

A

invasion by microorganism (has to be small)

infection does not mean disease

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16
Q

(types of) pathogenicmicroorganisms,

A

bacteria, fungi, virus, protist, helminths, prions

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17
Q

local vs systemic infections

A

local infection = one part of the body

systemic infection = widespread that usually travels through blood or lymph

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18
Q

primary vs secondary infections

A

primary : initial infection within a given pt
secondary : infections that follow initial usually by opportunistic pathogens that easily invade due to susceptible environment

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19
Q

acute/chronic/latent diseases,

A

acute: disease develop rapidly and runs its course quickly

chronic : disease develop slowly and last a long time

latent: disease that appears long after infection

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20
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

invade when environment is susceptible due to earlier infection

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21
Q

communicable vs. contagious vs. non-communicablediseases

A

communicable : disease transmitted form one host to another

contagious : more easily spread than communicable

noncommuniacble : not spreadable

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22
Q

mechanisms of disease transmission

A

human to human

animal to human

via a vector

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23
Q

measles,

A

blood blister

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24
Q

malaria,

A

bad air

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25
Q

Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

(named from pt)
ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

loss of voluntary muscle control

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26
Q

Christmas disease

A

(named from pt)
hemophilia B
deficient in blood factor 9 - a blood clotting protein so needs transfusions

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27
Q

Alzheimer’s disease,

A

(named from physician)

dementia

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28
Q

Parkinson’s disease,

A

(named from physician)

shaking palsy

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29
Q

Legionnaires’ disease

A

non communicable disease:

inhalation of aerosol bacteria legionella

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30
Q

auto-brewery syndrome

A

over growth if yeast in intestine as a result high ethanol level = gets drunk out of sugar and carbs

infectious disease

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31
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome

A

“tired” people

named to get funding

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32
Q

tetanus,

A

non communicable disease:

from soil bacterium tetani

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33
Q

Robert Guthrie

A

Guthrie test!

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34
Q

Queen Victoria and her son Leopold

A

Hemophilia

queen victorias parents were not carriers meaning she started the mutation…

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35
Q

disease burden and DALYs,

A

DALY = years lived with disability + years lost

Daily Adjusted Life Years

burden total Daly?

High vs low income

  • low income have higher Daly and are usually from infections like respiratory, aids, malaria
  • high income have lower DALY and is from depression or aging related disease
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36
Q

defining disease,

A

disease is the opposite of health

abnormal condition with specific symptoms or signs

37
Q

symptoms/signs

A

symptoms: something pt feels like headache
sign: something doctor can see like rash

38
Q

the normativist vs naturalist debateon how to define disease

A

normativist : emphasizes underdesireability of diease and harms to health and society

ex: runaway slaves
naturalist: require only the biological disfunction

39
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

weight / height

40
Q

Ebola

A

1st stages are common things like fever or headache or sore throat.
later stages include bleeding

body fluids will contain high levels of titers

ebola is an example of zoonotic bc bats to animals to humans

41
Q

autism,

A

?

42
Q

heel stick,

A

PKU screening in babies

43
Q

Guthrie test

A

B2 thienyalanine inhibits bacteria growth but if there is phenylalanine present bacteria will still grow

44
Q

newborn screening program

A

all new borns are tested with heel stick and PKU is not the only disease it can test for
ex: sickle cell

45
Q

contraindication

A

something to avoid

-ex: in hemophilia blood thinners or sports

46
Q

goiter

A

nutritional deficiency
lack of iodine
enlarges thyroid gland

47
Q

scurvy,

A

nutritional deficiency

lack of vitamin C

48
Q

hepatitis A

A

has a vaccine

49
Q

R0or the basic reproduction number,

A

if greater than one then infection will spread

it is the average number of new infections that one infectious person generates

depends on:

  • duration of infectious period
  • probablilty of infecting others
  • number of susceptible humans per unit time

large R = hard to stop epidemic

50
Q

autism,

A

refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication.

51
Q

drapetomania

A

was a conjectural mental illness that, in 1851, American physician Samuel A. Cartwright hypothesized as the cause of enslaved Africans fleeing captivity.

52
Q

childhood diseases,

A
  • measles
  • chicken pox
  • mumps
  • diphtheria
  • whooping cough
53
Q

maternal PKU syndrome

A

without proper diet high chances of baby having mental retardation

54
Q

hemophilia

A

X linked recessive disorder causes to bleed longer

hemophilia A: mutation in gene factor 8
hemophilia B: mutation in gene factor 9

treatment: donated plasma or recombination factor

55
Q

John Enders

A

?

56
Q

anti-vaccine movement,

A

measles outbreak due to anti vaccine movement. less children are being vaccinated today

anitvaxers will choose measles over autism

57
Q

vaccine exemptions

A

opposed to religious beliefs

58
Q

Rachel Carson

A

“birth of environmental movement” bc insecticides affects wildlife, causes cancer, and is an endocrine disruptor..

DDT banned in US

59
Q

epidemic

A

number of case spreads

60
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

disease transmitted from animal host to human

61
Q

bushmeat’

A

wild life meat that is consumed usually by poor population. people can get disease from it

62
Q

vector-borne diseases,

A

transmitted by mosquitoes, fleas, ticks

vectors can carry bacteria (infectious disease) like malaria

63
Q

Plasmodiumlife cycle,

A

mosquito will take up gametocyte of plasmodium and inject sparozites.

gametocytes reproduce sexually in midgut of mosquito..
they multiply in liver of human

parasite enters blood stream and when red blood cells burst, they release new parasites that will further infect other red blood cells = multiplies

periodicity of cycles correspond with chill/fever

64
Q

‘vector control’

A

for malaria it was to kill the mosquito by releasing western mosquito fish

  • insecticides were also used to kill water mosquitos
    ex: kerosine oil released into water, DDT killed adult mosquito
65
Q

mosquito life cycle

A

adult will lay ege on surface of water then large will form then poppa then adult

66
Q

DDT

A

“mosquito kryptonite”

67
Q

indoor residual spraying,

A

in some regions where malaria is endemic DDT is being sprayed to interior walls of houses to repel mosquitoes

68
Q

different types of anti-malarial drugs,

A
  • quinine (but now plasmodium is resistant)

- artemisin

69
Q

asbjørn Følling,

A

Falling disease : phenlyketone in urine (PKU)

70
Q

malaria vaccine

A

RTS,S or Mosquirix is the only approved vaccine for malaria

26-36% efficacy and need all 4 doses

deletion of 3 genes in parasite prevented bacterium to complete life cycle

71
Q

definition and types of genetic diseases,

A

caused by an abnormality in an individuals DNA

1) single- gene disorders
2) chromosome abnormalities
3) multifactorial dosorders

72
Q

transcription/translation,

A

Transcription : DNA to mRNA

Translation: mRNA to Protein

73
Q

DNA mutations,

A

Point mutation, a letter is mutates
point deletion, deletes a letter
In-frame deletion, deletes a 3 letter code

74
Q

dominant vs recessive,

A

HH vs Hh

75
Q

autosomal vs sex-linked

A

autosomal : traits are caused by genes on autosomes (chromosome 1-22)
sex linked : caused by genes on sex chromosome X or Y

76
Q

homozygous vs heterozygous,

A

homozygous same allele

heterozygous different allele

77
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

autosomal recessive
both mom and dad has to give affected chromosome to child
hh

affects 1/15000 US babies
defienceicy in liver enzymes
excessive phenylalanine in blood blocks transport of essential amino acid to brain =severe brain damage

treatment: diet of phenyl free food

78
Q

Disneymalaria video,

A

M

79
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

autosomal recessive
both mom and dad has to give affected chromosome to child
hh

affects 1/15000 US babies
defienceicy in liver enzymes
excessive phenylalanine in blood blocks transport of essential amino acid to brain =severe brain damage

treatment: diet of phenyl free food
medicine: kuvan
gene therapy?

80
Q

George Huntington

A

found Huntington’s disease
and said that once the disease is gone in the line its gone…

Huntington’s chorea observations

1) Its hereditary nature and how it never skips a generation
2) tendency to insanity and suicide
3) manifests itself as a grave disease only in adult life onset between ages of 35 and 45

81
Q

Charles Davenport,

A

American eugenics movement

compulsory sterilization and immigration control for people with Huntington’s disease and other mental disorder

82
Q

Alice Wexler

A

wrote the book
“the woman who walked into the sea”

huntingotns and the making of a disease

Alice wexler has no signs of Huntington’s nor her sister meaning one parent had recessive and no Huntington’s and the other was heterozygous

83
Q

Nancy Wexler

A

found the HD gene in Venezuela where there is a lot of HD prevalence.
took 20 years

HD gene or HTT is in chromosome 4 .. CAG repeats

84
Q

Woody Guthrie.

A

READ his lyrics

85
Q

eugenics movement

A

compulsory sterilization and immigration control for people with Huntington’s disease and other mental disorder

86
Q

HD140Q-knock-in mice

A

mice engineered to carry Huntington gene

87
Q

CRISPR/Cas9 as agene editingtool

A

“genetic surgery”

Cas9 use guide RNA to find and cut viral DNA

Spacers are placed in bacterium genome (CRISPR) then is used as guide RNAS

88
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

dominant autosomal Dd or DD
affects movement mind and mood

“chorea” dancing propensities

cure: none
there is medication for chorea

SAS 13 (2 decks)

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