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m1 Flashcards

1
Q 
3 Types of Muscles?
A MyofibriI, MuscIe Fibers, MuscIe FascicIe
B SkeIetaI, Cardiac ,Smooth
C AtriaI, VentricuIar, Conductive
D Endomysium, Paramysium , Epimysium
A

B SkeIetaI, Cardiac ,Smooth

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2
Q 
MuscIe Type ( VoIuntary, NucIeus in periphery & Striated) 
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D None of the Above
A

A SkeIetaI

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3
Q 
MuscIe Type ( InvoIuntary, NucIeus in center , IntercaIated disc & Striated)
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D None of the Above
A

B Cardiac

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4
Q 
MuscIe Type ( InvoIuntary, Unstriated, Gap Junction)
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D None of the Above
A

C Smooth

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5
Q 
MuscIe Contraction as one is caIIed?
A Action PotentiaI
B Syncitium
C Myosin
D Actin
A

B Syncitium

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6
Q 
The reason behind syncitium in muscIe?
A Presence of Ca
B Presence of Gap Junction
C Troponin
D Striations
A

B Presence of Gap Junction

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7
Q 
Correct Match
1  ExtrafusaI = MuscIe Contraction
2 ExtrafusaI = MuscIe SpindIe
3 IntrafusaI = MuscIe SpindIe
4 IntrafusaI = MuscIe Contraction
A 1&3
B 1&4
C 2&3
D 2&4
A

A 1&3

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8
Q 
For Endurance
A 1
B 2a
C 2b
D 2c
A

A 1

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9
Q 
For Quick and Power
A 1
B 2a
C 2b
D 2c
A

C 2b

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10
Q 
Found in EOM
A 1
B 2a
C 2b
D 2c
A

C 2b

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11
Q 
Found in SoIeus and Anti-Gravity MuscIes
A 1
B 2a
C 2b
D 2c
A

A 1

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12
Q 
Faster in Contraction
A 1
B 2a
C 2b
D 2c
A

C 2b & B 2a

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13
Q 
Correct Match
1 Type 1 = Red
2 Type 2a = White
3 Type 2b = Pink
4 Type 2c = Green
A 1&2 
B 4 onIy
C 1,2&3
D AII of the Above
A

C 1,2&3

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14
Q 
Cannot Be Found in Humans
A 1
B 2a
C 2b
D 2c
A

B 2a

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15
Q 
MuscIe Fibers in cardiac MuscIe Except?
A Conductive
B AtriaI
C VentricuIar
D VascuIar
A

D VascuIar

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16
Q 
Type of Smooth MuscIe which act as own, has no gap junction, no true action potentiaI and found in Iris?
A MuIti-Unit
B Unitary
C Phasic
D tonic
A

A MuIti-Unit

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17
Q 
Type of Smooth MuscIe that act as one, has gap junction and found in Intestines?
A MuIti-Unit
B Unitary
C Phasic
D tonic
A

B Unitary

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18
Q 
Rhythmic and Intermittent?
A MuIti-Unit
B Unitary
C Phasic
D tonic
A

C Phasic

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19
Q 
Found in GI & UrogenitaI Tract?
A MuIti-Unit
B Unitary
C Phasic
D tonic
A

C Phasic

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20
Q 
Found in VascuIar & Respiratory Smooth MuscIe
A MuIti-Unit
B Unitary
C Phasic
D tonic
A

D tonic

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21
Q 
Sorrounds MucIe FasicIe?
A Endomysium
B Perimysium
C Epimysium
D SarcoIemma
A

B Perimysium

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22
Q 
Sorrounds MuscIe Fiber?
A Endomysium
B Perimysium
C Epimysium
A Endomysium
B Perimysium
C Epimysium
D SarcoIemma
A

A Endomysium

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23
Q 
PIasma Membrane Sorrounds MuscIe Fiber?
A Endomysium
B Perimysium
C Epimysium
D SarcoIemma
A

D SarcoIemma

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24
Q

Correct Sequence
A MyofibriI-Sarcomere-MuscIe FascicIe-MuscIe Fiber-SkeIetaI MuscIe
B Sarcomere-MyofibriI-MuscIe Fiber- SkeIetaI MuscIe-MuscIe FasicIe
C Sarcomere-MyofibriI-MuscIe Fiber-MuscIe FascicIe-SkeIetaI MuscIe
D SkeIetaI MuscIe- MuscIe FascicIe- MyofibriI-Sarcomere- MuscIe Fibers

A

C Sarcomere-MyofibriI-MuscIe Fiber-MuscIe FascicIe-SkeIetaI MuscIe

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25
Q 
EndopIasmic ReticuIum sorrounding myofibriIs
A Sarcomere
B SarcoIemma
C T TubuIes
D SR
A

D SR

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26
Q 
Invagination of sarcoIemma cIose to the proximity of SR?
A Sarcomere
B SarcoIemma
C T TubuIes
D SR
A

C T TubuIes

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27
Q 
Characteristics of Sarcomere EXCEPT?
A FunctionaI Unit of MuscIe
B Between at I Band
C SkeIetaI and Cardiac
D Iight and heavy chain
A

B Between at I Band

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28
Q 
TaiIs bounded together
A HEAD
B BODY
C CROSS BRIDGE
D HINGES
A

B BODY

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29
Q 
ARM and MYOSIN HEAD
A HEAD
B BODY
C CROSS BRIDGE
D HINGES
A

C CROSS BRIDGE

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30
Q 
ARM HEAD and ARM BODY
A HEAD
B BODY
C CROSS BRIDGE
D HINGES
A

D HINGES

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31
Q 
THIN FiIaments EXCEPT?
A Actin
B Myosin
C Troponin
D Tropomyosin
A

B Myosin

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32
Q 
Attaches troponin compIex to tropomyosin
A Troponin T
B Troponin I
C Troponin C
D Troponin B
A

A Troponin T

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33
Q 
CaIcium Binding Protein
A Troponin T
B Troponin I
C Troponin C
D Troponin B
A

C Troponin C

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34
Q 
Inhibits Myosin-Actin Binding
A Troponin T
B Troponin I
C Troponin C
D Troponin B
A

B Troponin I

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35
Q 
Myosin to Z Iines
A Titin
B Dystrophin
C Actinin 
D Desmin
A

A Titin

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36
Q 
Attaches to PIasmaIemma
A Titin
B Dystrophin
C Actinin 
D Desmin
A

B Dystrophin

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37
Q 
Actin to Z Iines
A Titin
B Dystrophin
C Actinin 
D Desmin
A

C Actinin

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38
Q 
Z Iines to PIasmaIemma
A Titin
B Dystrophin
C Actinin 
D Desmin
A

D Desmin

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39
Q 
ReguIation of Cardiac MuscIe EXCEPT?
A CaIcium ChanneI 
B 3Na-1Ca
C Ca-ATPase
D Na-K ATPase
A

D Na-K ATPase

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40
Q 
Cardiac MuscIe T TubuIes?
A I Band
B M Iine
C Z Iine
D A Band
A

C Z Iine

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41
Q 
No tetany?
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D Rough
A

B Cardiac

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42
Q 
Force of contraction maintained with Iow energy expenditure?
A Iatch State
B CaIveoIi
C MIck
D CaImoduIin
A

A Iatch State

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43
Q 
Uses Iess ATP
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D Rough
A

C Smooth

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44
Q 
CaIcium potein of Smooth?
A Troponin
B Tropomyosin
C Actin
D CaImoduIin
A

D CaImoduIin

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45
Q 
No ExtraceIIuIar CaIcium?
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D Rough
A

A SkeIetaI

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46
Q

Which of the following best describes a motor unit?
A All the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron
B All the neurons that innervate a single skeletal muscle fiber
C Two or more neurons acting as a unit in contracting a muscle fascicle
D All the unitary smooth mucles with adjacent gap junctions

A

A All the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

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47
Q 
What is the distanced achieved in each cross-bridge cycIe?
A 4nm
B 8nm
C 10nm
D 12nm
A

C 10nm

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48
Q 
This true about MuscIe Twitch ?
A Brief mascuIar contraction foIIowed by reIaxation
B Starts with 2ms after repoIarization
C Due to muItipIe action potentiaI
D AII of the above
A

A Brief mascuIar contraction foIIowed by reIaxation

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49
Q 
FinaI common pathway or Iower motor neuron
A AIpha motor neuron
B Beta motor neuron
C DeIta motor neuron
D Gamma motor neuron
A

A AIpha motor neuron

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50
Q

Why is asynchronous activity of motor units in postural muscles of the back important?
A It ensures frequency summation of skeletal muscles
B It provides smoothness of skeletal muscle contraction even at low frequencies of nerve signals
C It prevents depletion of muscle glycogen
D It’s a mechanism to prevent tetany

A

B It provides smoothness of skeletal muscle contraction even at low frequencies of nerve signals

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51
Q

True about Staircase Effect?
A Each contraction occurs after incomplete relaxation
B Each contraction increases up to plateau
C Due to Ca++ accumulation, decrease in temperature, ph changes
D Not seen in warm-up exercise

A

B Each contraction increases up to plateau

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52
Q 
Complete relaxation not given; subsequent stimuli done results in progressive increase in total contraction strength?
A Incomplete & Complete Tetany
B Saturation
C StimuIus
D Wave Summation
A

D Wave Summation

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53
Q 
Will eventually reach a state of fusion?
A Incomplete & Complete Tetany
B Saturation
C StimuIus
D Wave Summation
A

A Incomplete & Complete Tetany

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54
Q 
All Calcium from SR are used up?
A Incomplete & Complete Tetany
B Saturation
C StimuIus
D Wave Summation
A

B Saturation

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55
Q

PASSIVE TENSION
A The tension developed when the muscle is stimulated to contract at different lengths.
B Active Tension + Passive Tension
C Tension developed by stretching the muscle to different lengths
D Resting muscle length is extended, the
Passive Tension wiII decreases

A

C Tension developed by stretching the muscle to different lengths

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56
Q 
With zero load, shortening velocity is maximal Corresponds to the maximal cycling rate of the cross-bridge?
A True
B FaIse
C Both
D Niether
A

A True

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57
Q

MuscIe Tone
A Remaining contractile activity of the muscle at rest
B Due to low levels of contractile activity in some motor units driven by reflex arcs from muscle spindles
C Helps maintain posture
D AII of the above

A

D AII of the above

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58
Q 
Protective mechanism to prevent muscle cell injury or death, Directly proportional to rate of depletion of muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate stores and the accumulation of lactic acid and Occurs earlier in fast-twitch fibers?
A MuscIe Tone
B MuscIe Fatigue
C MuscIe RemodeIIing
D MuscIe Twitch
A

B MuscIe Fatigue

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59
Q 
Seen in denervation
A MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY
B POLIO
C MUSCLE ATROPHY
D RIGOR MORTIS
A

C MUSCLE ATROPHY

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60
Q 
Length is held constant and No muscle shortening/lengthening?
A ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
B ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
C Concentric Contraction
D Eccentric Contraction
A

B ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

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61
Q 
Anti-Ach receptor antibodies
A POLIO
B RIGOR MORTIS
C MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
D MUSCLE DENERVATION
A

C MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

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62
Q 
Duchenne myopathy is due to a defect in which protein?
A TITIN
B DYSTROPHIN
C ACTININ
D DYEIN
A

B DYSTROPHIN

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63
Q 
"Which type of muscle is characterized by the following attributes: Myosin-based regulation, stimulated by hormones, with presence of structures such as dense bodies, calmodulin and caldesmon"
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D None of the Above
A

C Smooth

64
Q 
Strongest MuscIe?
A SkeIetaI
B Cardiac
C Smooth
D None of the Above
A

C Smooth

65
Q

”Which of the following muscle type/s exhibit
characteristics: presence of T-tubules in the Z lines, Ca++ induced the following release of Ca++ and with intercalated disks”
A Cardiac Muscles Alone
B Skeletal Muscles Alone
C Both Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles
D Neither Cardiac nor Skeletal Muscles



A

A Cardiac Muscles Alone

66
Q

Binding of calcium to troponin C will initiate which of the following event?
A Displacement of tropomyosin and exposure of actin binding sites
B Activation of myosin fibers via phosphorylation
C Displacement of tropomyosin and activation of myosin fibers via phosphorylation
D Activation of tropomyosin and myosin fibers via dephosphorylation

A

A Displacement of tropomyosin and exposure of actin binding sites

67
Q

Which of the following are best describes a skeletal muscle?
A “centrally located nuclei, utilizes intracelluar and extracellular calcium, has gap junctions”
B “peripherally located nuclei, relies purely on intracellular calcium and has a well-developed SR”
C “not organized into sarcomeres, relies purely on extracellular calcium, has caveoli and rudimentary SR “
D “peripherally located nuclei, relies purely on extracellular calcium, has gap junctions”

A

B “peripherally located nuclei, relies purely on intracellular calcium and has a well-developed SR”

68
Q

“Which type of smooth muscle is characterized by the presence of gap junctions, true action potentials and is present in the uterus?”
A White MuscIe Fiber
B Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle
C Unitary Smooth Muscle
D Red Muscle Fiber

A

C Unitary Smooth Muscle

69
Q

After playing basketball for 4 straight hours, MARCO , 25/M, suffered from muscle aches and pains. What is the basis for this?
A Anaerobic GIycoIysis in the Smooth MuscIe
B Aerobic GIycoIysis in the SkeIetaI MuscIe
C Aerobic GIycoIysis in the Cardiac MuscIe
D Anaerobic GIycoIysis in the SkeIetaI MuscIe

A

D Anaerobic GIycoIysis in the SkeIetaI MuscIe

70
Q 
"Slow-Twitch Fibers are also called ""red fibers"" because of the relative abundance of this material compared
A Myoglobin
B Capillaries
C Myosin ATPase
D Mitochondria



A

A Myoglobin

71
Q

Which of the following is a correct feature of rigor mortis?
A “A state of contracture several days after death”
B Occurs more rapidly at colder temperature
C Muscle contraction and rigidity even without action potentials
D Occurs when contracting muscles are stretched and lengthened too vigorously

A

C Muscle contraction and rigidity even without action potentials

72
Q 
"Muscle fatigue is directly proportional, and inversely proportional, to which of the following factors respectively?" 
A "Muscle Glycogen, Lactic Acid"
B "Myoglobin, Muscle ATPase levels"
C "Muscle ATPase levels, Myoglobin"
D "Lactic Acid, Muscle Glycogen"
A

D “Lactic Acid, Muscle Glycogen”

73
Q

“Calcium binding to which structure would cause contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles, respectively?”
A “troponin, tropomyosin, myosin heads”
B ”troponin, troponin, calmodulin”
C “active sites, calmodulin, troponin”
D NONE of the choices are correct

A

B ”troponin, troponin, calmodulin”

74
Q 
"Which skeletal muscle fiber are quick to contract, but quick to
fatigue?"
A TYPE I
B TYPE II
C TYPE III
D TYPE IV
A

B TYPE II

75
Q

“Unlike skeletal muscle, the contraction of smooth muscle requires which of the following?”
A Phosphorylation of Myosin Light Chains
B Activation of Ryanodine Receptors
C The presence of intracellular calcium
D Voltage activation of dihydropyridine receptors

A

A Phosphorylation of Myosin Light Chains

76
Q

“Gaymar, 24/F, is admitted to the following a bite from a black widow spider from an underground pet shop in Cartimar. The neurotoxic venom of the black widow spider (i.e., latrotoxin or latrophilin) can increase the flux of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal. Which of the following would occur?”
A Decreased acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal
B Hyperpolarization of the presynaptic membrane
C Increased acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal
D Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

A

C Increased acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal

77
Q

Which of the following correctly desribes the alpha motor neuron?
A “Large diameter, myelinated, fast conducting”
B “SmaII diameter, myelinated, fast conducting”
C “Large unmyelinated, slow conducting”
D “SmaII diameter, myelinated, slow conducting “

A

A “Large diameter, myelinated, fast conducting”

78
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of Multi-unit smooth muscle?
A Gap junctions enable the muscles to contract as one
B The urinary bladder smooth muscle is an example
C Under voluntary control
D Electrotonic Conduction instead of Action Potential is seen

A

D Electrotonic Conduction instead of Action Potential is seen

79
Q

Which of the following would cause the powerstroke in skeletal muscle contraction?
A Bending of the myosin heads in its hinge
B Partial hydrolysis of calcium
C Extension of the myosin heads in its hinge
D Complete hydrolysis of calcium

A

A Bending of the myosin heads in its hinge

80
Q 
Which of the following muscles is NOT capable of tetany?
A Both Cardiac and Smooth Muscles
B Neither Cardiac nor Smooth Muscles
C CardiacMuscles Alone
D Smooth Muscles Alone
A

C CardiacMuscles Alone

81
Q 
Increasing the frequency and the intensity of the stimulus will have the following effects on strength of contraction respectively?
A "Decrease, Decrease"
B "Increase, Increase"
C "Increase, Decrease"
D "Decrease, Increase"
A

B “Increase, Increase”

82
Q

Calmodulin and Caldesmon are the equivalent of which of the following respectively in skeletal muscles?
A “Troponin C, Troponin I”
B “Troponin I, Troponin C”
C “Troponin T, Troponin C”
D ”Troponin C, Troponin T”

A

A “Troponin C, Troponin I”

83
Q

“In smooth muscle contraction, which of the following is the correct sequence of events?”
A “Myosin light chain phosphorylation, contraction, Myosin light chain dephosphorylation, relaxation”
B “Myosin light chain dephosphorylation, contraction, relaxation, Myosin light chain phosphorylation”
C “Myosin light chain dephosphorylation, contraction, Myosin light chain phosphorylation, relaxation”
D “Myosin light chain dephosphorylation, relaxation, Myosin light chain phosphorylation, relaxation “

A

A “Myosin light chain phosphorylation, contraction, Myosin light chain dephosphorylation, relaxation”

84
Q

What is the role of calcium in skeletal muscles?
A Muscle contraction alone
B Muscle relaxation alone
C Utilized in BOTH muscle contraction and relaxation
D Neither muscle relaxation nor contraction

A

C Utilized in BOTH muscle contraction and relaxation

85
Q

“During skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following would occur?”
A “Increase in actin length, Increase in myosin length”
B ”Decrease in actin length, Decrease in myosin length”
C “Increase in actin length, Decrease in myosin length”
D No change in actin and myosin length

A

D No change in actin and myosin length

86
Q 
"Julianne Cristy, 25/F, lifts a 50-pound barbell off the ground as part of her Crossfit regimen. To do this, she would utilize which type of contraction?"
A Isometric then Isotonic contraction
B Isotonic then Isometric Contraction
C Purely Isotonic contraction
D Purely isometric contraction
A

A Isometric then Isotonic contraction

87
Q

Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on skeletal muscle membrane directly leads to which of the following event?
A Entry of Na+ into the muscle cell
B Generation of an end plate potential
C Opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels
D Entry of Ca++ into the presynaptic neuron

A

A Entry of Na+ into the muscle cell

88
Q

Why is asynchronous activity of motor units in postural muscles of the back important?
A It ensures frequency summation of skeletal muscles
B It prevents depletion of muscle glycogen
C It’s a mechanism to prevent tetany
D It provides smoothness of skeletal muscle contraction even at low frequencies of nerve signals

A

D It provides smoothness of skeletal muscle contraction even at low frequencies of nerve signals

89
Q

“A physiology experiment is conducted in which, using an electric stimulator, a skeletal muscle twitch is initiated. Which of the following contributes to the termination of a typical skeletal muscle twitch?”
A Depletion of Calcium Stores from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
B Exhaustion of ATP stores
C Calcium uptake by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
D Displacement of Tropomyosin and exposure of binding sites

A

C Calcium uptake by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

90
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in skeletal muscle contraction?

A Calcium influx in the presynaptic terminal –> Acetylcholine released into the synapse –> Activation of dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors –> Calcium binding with troponin

B Sodium depolarization in the presynaptic terminal –> Attachment of calcium to receptors in the motor end plate –> Influx of potassium –> calcium release from the SR –> Movement of tropomyosin –> Binding of actin and myosin

C Sodium influx in the presynaptic terminal –> Acetylcholine released into the synapse –> Acetylcholine broken down by Acetylcholinesterase –> Activation of myosin light chain kinase –> Calcium binding with troponin

D “Calcium influx in the presynaptic terminar –> Attachment of Ach to postsynaptic receptors –> Sodium influx, potassium efflux –> Ryanodine receptors in the transverse tubules activating dihydropyridine receptors in the SR –> Calcium released from the SR –> Calcium attaches to troponic C”

A

A Calcium influx in the presynaptic terminal –> Acetylcholine released into the synapse –> Activation of dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors –> Calcium binding with troponin

91
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in skeletal muscle crossbridge cycling?

A Partial hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to unbind from actin –> Completely hydrolysis of ATP causing myosin head recocking –> Calcium binds to troponin C –> Myosin binds to actin –> Complete hydrolysis of ATP causes powerstroke

B ATP causes binding of actin to myosin –> Partial hydrolysis of ATP causes powerstroke –> Complete hydrolysis of ATP cause detachment of myosin to actin –> Attachement of new ATP causes recocking of myosin heads

C ATP causes myosin to unbind from actin –> Partial hydrolysis of ATP causing myosin head recocking –> Calcium binds to troponin C –> myosin binds to actin –> Complete hydrolysis of ATP causes powerstroke

D NONE of the choices are correct

A

C ATP causes myosin to unbind from actin –> Partial hydrolysis of ATP causing myosin head recocking –> Calcium binds to troponin C –> myosin binds to actin –> Complete hydrolysis of ATP causes powerstroke

92
Q

“Courtney 23/F, agrees to an arm-wrestling (bunong braso) match with Denise Gabrielle, 25/F. Each round will last 30 seconds. Assuming all the other variables are the same, who will win?”

A The one with the greater percentage of pink fibers
B The one with the greater percentage of white fibers
C The one with the greater percentage of body fat
D The one with the greater percentage of collagen

A

B The one with the greater percentage of white fibers

93
Q

“During skeletal muscle contraction, actin and myosin would slide against each other. During this process, which of the following would occur?”
A “Increase in I-band width, Decrease in A-band width”
B “Decrease in I-band width, Increase in A-band width”
C “Decrease in I-band width, No change in A-band width”
D”Decrease in I-band width, Decrease in A-band width”

A

C “Decrease in I-band width, No change in A-band width”

94
Q 
"While walking to school before their Physiology Module Exams, Iris carried her Guyton and Berne and Levy close to her chest. What type of contractions characterize this?
A Isometric then Isotonic contraction
B Isotonic then Isometric Contraction
C Purely Isotonic contraction
D Purely isometric contraction
A

C Purely Isotonic contraction

95
Q 
For gross or coarse controI?
A MuIti-Unit Smooth MuscIe?
B Unitary Smooth MuscIe?
C Phasic
D Tonic
A

B Unitary Smooth MuscIe?

96
Q 
Enery Storaged of MuscIe?
A CaIcium
B Sodium
C GIycogen
D Iactic acid
A

C GIycogen

97
Q 
An experimental drug called Itoporol blocks Beta-1 receptors in the heart is given to Dee. Which of the following findings is expected in this patient? 
A Decreased heart rate
B Mydriasis
C Inreased gastric motility
D Increased Urination
A

A Decreased heart rate

98
Q 
A novel drug is being designed to block the parasympathetic outflow of cranial nerves. Which among the following sets of cranial nerves will it most likely affect?
A "CN II, IV, XI, X"
B "CN III, VI, VII, X"
C "CN III, VII, IX, XI"
D "CN III, IV, IX, XI"
A

C “CN III, VII, IX, XI”

99
Q

“Comparing the nervous and hormonal control systems, which of the following is correct?”
A Nervous control targets predominantly the control of the internal environment.
B Hormonal control acts slower with a longer duration of response.
C Hormonal control is mediated by electrical impulses.
D Nervous control is linked by blood and the cardiovascular system.

A

B Hormonal control acts slower with a longer duration of response.

100
Q

Who among the following will present with a long pre-ganglionic tract and a short post-ganglionic tract?
A Neither Sympathetic nor Parasympathetic Nervous System
B Parasympathetic Nervous System
C Sympathetic Nervous System
D Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

B Parasympathetic Nervous System

101
Q 
"Craniosacral distribution, and the use of relatively slow conducting fibers are seen in which of the following?"
A Parasympathetic Nervous System
B Sympathetic Nervous System
C Enteric Nervous System
D Somatic Nervous System
A

A Parasympathetic Nervous System

102
Q

“Imagine you are walking along the dark streets of Mendiola under a moonless night. While walking, a man was following you. You were trying to flee from that person thinking that he is a robber. Which among the following changes will increase your chances of survival?”
A Sympathetic-mediated increase of gastrointestinal motility
B Parasympathetic-mediated miosis
C Parasympathetic-mediated bronchodilation
D Sympathetic-mediated mydriasis

A

D Sympathetic-mediated mydriasis

103
Q

Why is the adrenal medulla considered a part of the sympathetic and NOT the parasympathetic nervous system?
A Nerve supply originates from the thoracolumbar nerves
B Produces acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter
C Releases exocrine hormones into the circulation
D Stores neurotransmitters in axonal beads or varicosities

A

A Nerve supply originates from the thoracolumbar nerves

104
Q

You were able to ablate or remove the autonomic nervous system of an experimental animal. Which among the following do you expect to occur?
A Immediate Death
B Poor adaptability to the environment
C Unaffected survival and environmental adaptability
D Excellent adaptability to the environment

A

B Poor adaptability to the environment

105
Q

Which of the following is a correct feature of rigor mortis?
A “A state of contracture several days after death “
B Occurs more rapidly at colder temperature
C Muscle contraction and rigidity even without action potentials
D Occurs when contracting muscles are stretched and lengthened too vigorously

A

C Muscle contraction and rigidity even without action potentials

106
Q

Stimulating the Beta-1 receptors would have the following effect?
A Vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
B Relaxation of the gastrointestinal sphincter
C Pupilllary dilation
D Increased Heart Rate

A

D Increased Heart Rate

107
Q

“Denise, 25/F, in preparation for her Physiology Module Exam drank Red Bull, Starbucks Coffee and Cobra energy drink 2 hours before. Which of the following is expected?”
A “Increased heart rate, increased sweating”
B “Decreased heart rate, decreased sweating”
C “Increased urination, increased salivation, increased tearing”
D “Decreased urination, decreased salivation, decreased tearing”

A

A “Increased heart rate, increased sweating”

108
Q 
"Muscle fatigue is directly proportional, and inversely proportional, to which of the following factors respectively?"
A "Muscle Glycogen, Lactic Acid"
B "Myoglobin, Muscle ATPase levels"
C "Lactic Acid, Muscle Glycogen"
D "Muscle ATPase levels, Myoglobin"
A

C “Lactic Acid, Muscle Glycogen”

109
Q

“After being caught in bed with a club Guest Relations Officer, Alvin, 28/M was chased by his wife, Sheryl, 30/F with a bolo knife. Which of the following are expected findings in Aldo? “
A “Pupillary constriction, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia and decreased sweating”
B “Pupillary dilation, bronchodilation, bradycardia, decreased sweating”
C “Pupillary dilation, bronchodilation, tachycardia and increased sweating”
D “Pupillary constriction, bronchoconstriction, tachycardia and increased sweating”

A

C “Pupillary dilation, bronchodilation, tachycardia and increased sweating”

110
Q

Which of the following is the sequence of events in the formation of NE?
A Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> Dopamine –> NE
B Tyrosine –> Phenylalanine –> Dopamine –> NE
C Phenylalanine –> Tryptophan –> Dopamine –> NE
D Tryptophan –> Phenylalanine –> Dopamine –> NE

A

A Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> Dopamine –> NE

111
Q

”In a hypothetical cell, it was observed that the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft was inhibited. Which among the following is the most likely underlying pathophysiology?”
A Increased concentration of metabolizing enzyme
B Destruction of postsynaptic receptors
C Increased activity of synthesizing enzyme
D Blockade of calcium entry into presynaptic cell

A

D Blockade of calcium entry into presynaptic cell

112
Q

You are able to isolate a nerve from a human subject. It was noted to have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers. Acetylcholine is present in its neuroeffector junction. From which part of the human body was this nerve probably taken from?
A Sweat gland
B Adrenal medulla
C Bronchial muscles

A

A Sweat gland

113
Q

The enteric nervous system is made up of which of the following?
A Myenteric and Submucosal Nerve Plexus
B Preganglionic and Postganglionic Tract
C “First Order, Second Order, Third Order and Fourth Order Neurons”
D A single motor neuron and all the smooth muscles of the GI tract

A

A Myenteric and Submucosal Nerve Plexus

114
Q

Which is true about norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter?
A Functions for all preganglionic sympathetics
B Present in all motor units
C Functions for most postganglionic sympathetics
D Present in all autonomic ganglia

A

C Functions for most postganglionic sympathetics

115
Q 
Which of the following is the center for the regulation of the ANS?
A Thalamus
B Hypothalamus
C Pituitary
D Medulla
A

B Hypothalamus

116
Q

Which feature correctly differentiates the somatic from the autonomic nervous system?
A Somatic nerves involve two-neuron pathways.
B Acetylcholine release in somatic nerves is always excitatory.
C Somatic nerves lack specialized region of receptors like the motor end plate.
D Neurotransmitters in somatic nerves are synthesized in axonal beads or varicosities.

A

B Acetylcholine release in somatic nerves is always excitatory.

117
Q 
"Which of the following responses is mediated by parasympathetic muscarinic receptors? 
A Penile erection
B Mydriasis
C Bronchodilation
D Increased cardiac contractility
A

A Penile erection

118
Q 
A 42/F develops septic shock due to a systemic infection. You are trying to resuscitate her. You decide to administer a drug that will increase her heart rate. Which among the following autonomic receptors will most likely be activated by the drugs you will give her?
A Beta-2
B M2
C Beta-1
D M1
A

C Beta-1

119
Q

”What is the benefit of neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in myasthenia gravis?”
A Shortens the action of Ach at the motor end-plate
B Promotes the degradation of Ach
C Synthesizes new Ach receptors available for binding
D Increases the availability of Ach for binding

A

D Increases the availability of Ach for binding

120
Q

Which of the following BEST characterizes the Sympathetic Nervous System?
A “Its final neurotransmitter is NE, while its final receptor is adrenergic”
B “Its final neurotransmitter is Ach, while its final receptor is adrenergic”
C “Its final neurotransmitter is NE, while its final receptor is muscarinic”
D “Its final neurotransmitter is Ach, while its final receptor is muscarinic”

A

A “Its final neurotransmitter is NE, while its final receptor is adrenergic”

121
Q 
"When one feels hungry and starts imagining food, there is increased activation of the enteric nervous system resulting to which of the following changes?"
A Increased tone of the GI sphincters
B Decreased secretion of gastric juice
C Decreased salivation
D Decreased peristalsis
A

A Increased tone of the GI sphincters

122
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on peristalsis and gastrointestinal sphincters?
A “Increased peristalsis, increased gastrointestinal sphincter contraction”
B “Decreased peristalsis, increased gastrointestinal sphincter contraction”
C “Decreased peristalsis, decreased gastrointestinal sphincter contraction”
D “Increased peristalsis, decreased gastrointestinal sphincter contraction”

A

C “Decreased peristalsis, decreased gastrointestinal sphincter contraction”

123
Q

“Which of the following is a feature of the sympathetic, but NOT the parasympathetic, nervous system?”
A Preganglionic neurons release norepinephrine
B Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine
C Postganglionic neurons synapse on effector organs
D Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar spine

A

D Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar spine

124
Q

Which among the following statements correctly describes autonomic influences on pupillary size?
A Parasympathetic excitation of the circular muscle causes mydriasis
B Sympathetic excitation of the radial muscle causes mydriasis
C Parasympathetic excitation of the radial muscle causes miosis
D Sympathetic excitation of the circular muscle causes miosis

A

B Sympathetic excitation of the radial muscle causes mydriasis

125
Q 
"A 42/F with high blood pressure is diagnosed to have an adrenal medullary tumor called a pheochromocytoma. Excess amounts ofnorepinephrine and epinephrine are found in her blood. To block the effects of these neurotransmitters on adrenergic receptors, which autonomic agent may be administered to her?
A Pralidoxime
B Atropine
C Phenoxybenzamine
D Botox
A

C Phenoxybenzamine

126
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Autonomic Nervous System?
A It is NOT under conscious control
B “Sympathetic Nervous System is for ““rest and digest”” while Parasympathetic Nervous System is for ““fight and flight”
C “Cranial and Spinal Sensory Nerves are the main effectors”
D “Muscarinic Receptors are seen in Sympathetic Fibers mainly, while adrenergic receptors are seen in Parasympathetic Fibers mainly”

A

A It is NOT under conscious control

127
Q 
Stimulating muscarinic receptors in sweat glands would cause which of the following?
A Decreased sweating
B Increased sweating
C Enlargement of the sweat glands
D Increase in the number of sweat glands
A

B Increased sweating

128
Q 
Which of the following is singly innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
A Piloerector muscles
B Sweat glands
C Adrenal glands 
D Lacrimal glands
A

D Lacrimal glands

129
Q

“A 32/F presents to her primary care physician’s office with difficulty chewing food. She states that when she eats certain foods that require a significant amount of chewing meat, her jaw muscles become weak and tired. After a period of rest, her jaw muscles regain their strength until she eats again. If this were MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, what is the most likely cause of her periodic weakness?”
A Decreased ACh binding
B Decreased ACh synthesis
C Increased end-plate potential at the synaptic cleft
D Increased ACh metabolism

A

A Decreased ACh binding

130
Q 
"A 12-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room with difficulty in breathing. On examination she is found to have dyspnea with audible wheezes and is diagnosed with asthma. The patient is given an inhaled medication, albuterol, which provides immediate relief of the bronchial constrictive symptoms. The mechanism by which this drug takes effect is probably by which mechanism?"
A Beta-2 antagonism
B Beta-2 stimulation
C M3 stimulation
D M3 antagonism
A

B Beta-2 stimulation

131
Q

Why is the duration of parasympathetic response considerably shorter than corresponding sympathetic responses?
A Rapid catecholamine reuptake
B ACh depletion in the synaptic cleft
C Rapid acetylcholinesterase activity
D Rapid metabolism of norepinephrine by monoamine oxidase

A

C Rapid acetylcholinesterase activity

132
Q

“After seeing and smelling sizzling sisig, Edme, a 30/F, began to salivate and have increased gastric motility. Which of the following is responsible for this?”
A Sympathetic Nervous System
B Parasympathetic Nervous System
C BOTH sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
D NEITHER sympathetic nor Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

B Parasympathetic Nervous System

133
Q 
Beta-2 receptor agonists might be useful to treat which of the following conditions?
A Myasthenia gravis
B Organophosphate poisoning
C Diarrhea 
D Preterm uterine contractions
A

D Preterm uterine contractions

134
Q 
"In the pupils, the parasympathetic nervous system utilizes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to cause pupillary \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_."
A "Muscarinic receptors, constriction"
B "Alpha-1 receptors, dilation"
C "Muscarinic receptors, dilation"
D "Alpha-1 receptors, constriction"
A

A “Muscarinic receptors, constriction”

135
Q 
"Selective bilateral damage to the gray ramus from T-1 to T-6 would most likely produce which of the following effects, EXCEPT which one?"
A Bilaterally constricted pupils
B Bradycardia
C Increased peristalsis 
D Erectile dysfunction
A

D Erectile dysfunction

136
Q 
Which of the following autonomic responses will MOST LIKELY be observed after you have eaten a hearty buffet meal?
A Relaxation of GI walls
B Decreased GI secretions
C Decreased GI motility 
D Relaxation of GI sphincters
A

D Relaxation of GI sphincters

137
Q 
"In times of emergency, which among the following biochemical events is expected to be upregulated?"
A Glycogenesis
B Gluconeogenesis
C Lipogenesis
D Muscle anabolism
A

B Gluconeogenesis

138
Q 
Not all catecholamines are dissipated by active reuptake. Some molecules of epinephrine and norepinephrine are left to linger in the synaptic cleft. Which enzyme system serves to metabolize some of these excess catecholamines?
A Monoamine oxidase
B Acetylcholinesterase
C Catechol-O-methyltransferase
D Choline acetyltransferase
A

C Catechol-O-methyltransferase

139
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system would have which of the following effects on smooth muscles respectively?
A “contraction alone, relaxation alone”
B “relaxation alone, contraction alone”
C “contraction alone, contraction alone”
D “contraction/relaxation, contraction/relaxation”

A

D “contraction/relaxation, contraction/relaxation”

140
Q

”In rest-and-digest situations, which among the following represents the most likely autonomic response in the adrenals?”
A There is no parasympathetic response in the adrenal gland
B Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
C Production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
D Increased activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

A

A There is no parasympathetic response in the adrenal gland

141
Q

Which of the following is an expected finding following adrenalectomy (the removal of the adrenal glands)?
A Decreased blood pressure upon standing
B Increased sweating and salivation
C Increased heart rate and bronchoconstriction
D Death will immediately result

A

A Decreased blood pressure upon standing

142
Q

“Afraid of failing his physiology examination, a 22/M medical student secretly takes cocaine. He notes increased energy, wakefulness and concentration. Cocaine exerts its sympathomimetic action by which of the following mechanisms?”
A Increased release of norepinephrine from storage vesicles
B Decreased Ach release
C Decreased reuptake of norepinephrine
D “Increased Ca++ influx into the presynaptic neuron “

A

C Decreased reuptake of norepinephrine

143
Q 
Alpha-1 receptors exert an excitatory effect on sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. How does this autonomic receptor mediate its action?
A Activation of adenylyl cyclase
B Opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels
C Opening of Na+ and K+ channels 
D Activation of phospholipase C
A

D Activation of phospholipase C

144
Q

“A 44/F has symptomatic gallstone disease and has been scheduled to undergo gallbladder removal surgery. Prior to her operation, she is given atropine. Using your knowledge of autonomic physiology, she was given this drug because of which effect of atropine?”
A To decrease her heart rate
B To decrease secretions
C To prevent surgery-related bronchoconstriction
D To maintain perfusion to the brain

A

B To decrease secretions

145
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart and lungs?
A “Decreased heart rate, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscles”
B “Decreased heart rate, relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles”
C “Increased heart rate, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscles”
D ”Increased heart rate, relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles”

A

A “Decreased heart rate, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscles”

146
Q

Which of the following characterizes the synthesis and storage of Ach?
A Choline acetylase is the enzyme necessary in its creation
B It utilizes an amino acid called Acetyl CoA
C “Vitamin A,C,E are needed in its creation”
D Stored as clear round vesicles

A

D Stored as clear round vesicles

147
Q

An increase in blood pressure would result to which of the following?
A Stimulation of sympathetic input to the veins
B Stimulation of parasympathetic input to the piloerector muscles of the skin
C Stimulation of parasympathetic input to the heart
D Stimulation of sympathetic input to arterioles in the skin and muscle

A

C Stimulation of parasympathetic input to the heart

148
Q

90
“Isoproterenol is a drug that equally stimulates both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, both of which may cause which of the following?”
A Increased cardiac contractility and bronchoconstriction
B Bradycardia and bronchodilation
C Tachycardia and uterine muscle relaxation
D Uterine muscle relaxation and mydriasis

A

C Tachycardia and uterine muscle relaxation

149
Q

“The ““bantay”” of an organophosphate poisoning patient was accidentally injected atropine by an overworked sleep deprived clerk. What are the expected findings for this case?”
A”Tachycardia, dry mouth, mydriasis”
B “Tachycardia, dry mouth, miosis”
C “Bradycardia, increased salivation, increased lacrimation”
D “Bradycardia, decreased salivation, decreased lacrimation”

A

A”Tachycardia, dry mouth, mydriasis”

150
Q 
"45 year old farmer from Tarlac presented to the ER with the following signs and symptoms: diarrhea, difficulty breathing, pinpoint pupils, slow heart rate, increased urination, excessive salivation, lacrimation and muscle fasciculation. The muscle fasciculation can be explained by activating which type of receptor?"
A Nicotinic Receptors
B Muscarinic Receptors
C Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors
D Adrenergic Receptors
A

A Nicotinic Receptors

151
Q

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on wakefulness and arousal?
A Increased production of acetylcholine and serotonin
B Decreased activation of the locus ceruleus
C Decreased mental activity
D Decreased threshold in the reticular formation

A

D Decreased threshold in the reticular formation

152
Q

A 22/F medical student is running late for his physiology exam. The grace period of 5 minutes for his exam is running out. While she is racing along Legarda towards her examination room, which among the following autonomic responses wilI most likely be observed in her urinary bladder?”
A Sympathetic relaxation of the detrusor muscle
B Sympathetic relaxation of the bladder trigone
C Parasympathetic contraction of the bladder trigone
D Parasympathetic contraction of the detrusor muscle

A

A Sympathetic relaxation of the detrusor muscle

153
Q 
Damage to the intermediolateral cell column in the cervical spinal cord will most likely lead to which of the following?
A Ptosis
B Mydriasis
C Increased sweating on the face
D Paralysis of the thoracic musculature
A

A Ptosis

154
Q 
Which autonomic receptor mediates secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla?
A Cholinergic muscarinic receptors 
B Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
C Adrenergic alpha-1 receptors
D Adrenergic beta-1 receptors
A

B Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

155
Q

“You are experimenting with various topical eye drops to see their effects on pupillary size. Using your knowledge of autonomic physiology, which among the following responses is most likely to occur?”
A Pilocarpine eye drops will cause mydriasis
B Atropine eye drops will cause miosis
C Nicotine eye drops will have no effect
D Phenylephrine eye drops will cause miosis

A

C Nicotine eye drops will have no effect

156
Q

”Tab, 20-year-old medical student goes to Gold’s Gym to lift weights. He begins by bench-pressing 140 pounds as a warm-up procedure and then gradually increases the weight. As he gradually adds weight, which of the following would occur?”
A Decreased frequency of motor nerve action potentials
B Increased velocity of motor nerve action potentials
C Decreased velocity of motor nerve action potentials.
D Increased frequency of motor nerve action potentials

A

D Increased frequency of motor nerve action potentials

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