m07-m11 Flashcards
What are the steps of the innovation funnel?
capabilities assessment and forecasting, business strategy, market assessment and forecasting development goals project portfolio planning project management and execution post project learning and improvement
What are two core problems with the innovation funnel?
new processes need change in other organizational areas like training, reward systems, communication, roles
Top mgmt attention hits project usually towards the end
–> reality is often different (esp not that linear)
What is open innovation?
R and D interactions with the environment (eg C and D at Procter and Gamble)
What is the permeable R and D funnel?
Taking the idea of the innovation funnel and adding open innovation to it. More flexible than closed funnel model.
What steps does the Stage-Gate process have and what is it (Cooper)?
Operationalization of innovation funnel. Breaks innovation process into defined stages. Gates act as evaluation and possible exit points. Discovery -Idea screen Scoping -Second screen Build business case (very critical point) -Go to development Development -Go to testing Testing and validation -Go to launch Launch Post launch review
What is the link between portfolio management and Stage-Gate process?
Gate 2 (Second screen) is typically a portfolio review: all project are analyzed, must do’s identified, rest is force-ranked and prioritized, resources are allocated
What is quality function deployment (QFD)?
systematic method to link costumers quality requirements to technical product features
goal is development of products that fulfill costumers needs
concerns internal and external interface of company
all departments are responsible for product quality
graphically a “House of Quality” diagram
What are the steps of quality function deployment (QFD)?
1) determine relevant costumer attributes (what does costumer want?)
2) determine relative-importance weights
3) costumers evaluation of competitive products
4) Technical realization of costumer attributes
5) relationship matrix shows how engineering decisions affect costumer perception
6) Objective measure to evaluate competitive products
7) roof matrix to show interactions between engineering choices
8) estimates of cost and technical difficulty
What is the role of attrition in the product and service innovation (PSI) process?
is normal and not failure per se
What are problems firms have with R&D in practise?
Declining in R&D productivity/efficiency
What are problems with the R&D/production interface?
Development cycles too long & expensive
Late, unplanned changes in product design
Rigid sequential development process
High uncertainty when defining cost and time targets
Too little flow of information between functions
Strategic objectives of top mgmt not clear
What are solutions to problems with the R&D/production interface?
- overlapping dev phases
- cross-functional teams
- proximity of relevant actors
- communication technologies
What are problems with the R&D/marketing interface?
disharmony in interface:
- difference in language and culture (tech vs business)
- different objectives
- lack of trust in information from other side
What are solutions to problems with the R&D/marketing interface?
Organization:
- splitting in sub-projects
- early integration of both
- clear competency defintion
People:
- open discussion about problems (esp meta)
- support contacts between indv.
- integrating task force of mgmt
What are the findings about spatial proximity by Allen?
Influence of distance on communication networks within firm.
- within first 30 meters, communication frequency rapidly decreases
- intra-group communication > inter-group communication
- > Architecture important, how is office layout designed? idea of O shape
What effect do vertical and horizontal separation have on communication?
vertical worse than horizontal
What is the dilemma of innovation?
Innovation is precondition for economic growth but at the same time destroys existing structures and positions
Example: TUM research on open source software
Open Source may make software development process more effective and more efficient.
But:
Employees with jobs facings most change show less support
Employees without personal experience or training show less support
Explanations:
Increasing uncertainty, decreasing self-efficacy
Change in job role, lack of newly required skills
What forms of resistance against innovation are there?
Rational-technological
Rational-economic
Ecological
What reasons are there for resistance against innovation?
Barriers of not knowing
Barriers of not wanting
What is the relation of administration/accounting and innovation?
Administration for routine tasks can filter out innovation
Accounting often does not treat R&D as investments but as expenses (short term thinking) -> reduces incentives for innovation
What is the promoter model?
Innovation Promoters can help to overcome resistance against innovation
What are central theorems of the promoter model?
Correspondence theorem: Specific types of resistance to innovation require specific sources of power to overcome
Division of labor theorem: different individuals in different promoter roles are more efficient than one person for all
Interaction theorem: promoters need to cooperate
What types of promoters for innovation do we know?
Technical promoter
Process promoter
Power promoter
What does the technical promoter do?
Has idea for innovation. Contributes creative effort that allows to initiate the innovation project.
What does the process promoter do?
recognizes value of idea
identifies relevant resources
involves key individuals
What does the power promoter do?
allocates resources overcomes resistance (through power)
How can promoters be implemented?
Technical promoter is center of specialization
Deficiencies of tech promoter need to be identified & compensated by power promoter
in case of large distances process promoter should be introduced
self organization of team members
What is a broker in regard to inner company networks?
Connects clusters of disconnected others (central node)
benefits from central position (not necessary good guy)
What is a technological gatekeeper in regard to inner company networks?
Connects clusters of disconnected others
strongly connected internally and externally
gathers external information, translates it into sth useful for others in organization
How can roles like promoter, gatekeeper etc. be filled?
naturally, task lies more in identifying people who have this role already
How to manage researchers?
- provide autonomy (working on personal projects)
- intrinsic motivation (not only money as reward)
- sufficient but not too much resources
- tolerate bootleg projects
- tolerate failure
What types of tools help with innovation?
Internal (mgmt etc)
Technology analysis
Market/demand analysis
Competition analysis
What is a longterm market analysis method?
Delphi analysis
What is a medium term market analysis method?
Positioning (are there niches?)
What is a short term market analysis method?
Conjoint analysis
What is a positioning model?
Reduce dimensionality of relevant space. Relevant dimensions are axes, existing players are positioned on graph -> niches become visible
What is factor analysis?
- find variables that measure same thing and combine them
- assumes that relevant product characteristics are known
What are disadvantages of factor analysis?
useless when wrong dimensions are chosen
difficult on unknown markets
What is multidimensional scaling?
- assumption: relevant product characteristics not known
- tries to set up dimensions through asking about proximity
- downside: time consuming, less validity and reliability than factor analysis
What is conjoint analysis?
Participants are asked to sort cards (wie Quartett) -> effects of each dimensions different values is analyzed -> overall importance/effect of dimension is determined
What are advantages of conjoint analysis?
- natural decision situation
- importance of characteristics & realizations (Ausprägungen) is identified
- KO criteria and trade-offs are identified
What are disadvantages of conjoint analysis?
- only limited number of characteristics & realizations possible -> correct choice of relevant characteristics necessary
What is the interaction of Product and Technology roadmapping?
Are linked in order to analyze the use of and need for technologies
What is the core question for user integration?
What does firm actually want?
Marketing (awareness, interaction with products/brand)
Innovation (access external knowledge about problems and solutions)
both are related
What type of innovation do users typically develop?
functionally novel (eg footstraps for windsurf boards)
What does stickyness in regard of innovation information finding mean?
Users and manufacturers tend to draw information from different sources (stick to their “field”)
What type of innovation do manufacturers typically develop?
improvements to existing product
What are lead users?
- have needs that foreshadow general demand
- expect high benefit from solution
- often innovate to solve their own needs
- either freely reveal innovations or start own company
What is the development of Gatorade an example for?
user innovation
What is the Lead Users/LU market research method?
Focusing on users that are ahead of trend instead of average costumer.
Might be easier to determine needs.
What does VUCA stand for?
Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambuguity characteristics of real world
AdditiveMinds: What two dimensions influence innovation and its success?
Product innovation and operations efficiency
