M: Foot

Question 1

Which lies more medial in the foot, the cuboid or the navicular?

Answer 1

The navicular

Question 2

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

Answer 2

Hinge type synovial joint between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus

Question 3

What movements are possible at the ankle joint?

Answer 3

Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion and limited inversion and eversion

Question 4

What is the subtalar joint formed by?

Answer 4

Formed by the talus and calcaneus bones

Question 5

What 2 articulations is the transverse talar joint formed by?

Answer 5

Articulation between the calcaneus and cuboid bone and an articulation between the navicular and talus bone

Question 6

What movements are possible at the subtalar joint?

Answer 6

Gliding and rotation

ie. Involved in inversion and eversion

Question 7

What is the main function of the transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot?

Answer 7

Act as shock absorbers and are important in the weight bearing function of the foot

Question 8

Which 4 ligaments support the arches of the foot?

Answer 8

1) Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)
2) Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short ligament)
3) Long plantar ligament
4) Plantar aponeurosis

Question 9

What 3 muscles provide dynamic support for the arches of the foot during walking?

Answer 9

1) Tibialis anterior
2) Tibialis posterior
3) Fibularis longus

Question 10

What is pes planus?

Answer 10

Loss of medial longitudinal arch of the foot resulting in relative flattening of the plantar surface

Question 11

Which 2 intrinsic muscles of the foot are located on the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 11

1) Extensor hallucis brevis

2) Extensor digitorum brevis

Question 12

Is extensor hallucis brevis always considered a muscle in its own right?

Answer 12

No, some consider it to be part of extensor digitorum brevis

Question 13

What are the attachments of extensor digitorum brevis?

Answer 13

Origin = superolateral surface of calcaneus
Insertion = Lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus of toes 2-5

Question 14

What are the attachments of extensor hallucis brevis?

Answer 14

Origin = superolateral surface of the calcaneus
Insertion = Base of proximal phalynx of great toe

Question 15

What is the function of extensor digitorum brevis?

Answer 15

Extension of toes 2-5

Question 16

What is the function of extensor hallucis brevis?

Answer 16

Extension of metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe

Question 17

What is the innervation of extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis?

Answer 17

Deep fibular nerve S1,S2

Question 18

Which nerve supplies the skin on medial side of proximal foot?

Answer 18

Saphenous nerve which is a cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve originating in the thigh

Question 19

What nerve supplies the skin of most of dorsum of the foot except adjacent sides of toes 1 and 2 and skin on lateral side of little toe and foot?

Answer 19

Superficial fibular nerve

Question 20

Which nerve supplies the skin on the lateral side of the foot and the dorsolateral surface of the little toe?

Answer 20

Sural nerve which is a cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve originating high in the leg

Question 21

The majority of the intrinsic muscles of the plantar surface of the foot are located in how many layers?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

The most superficial layer of intrinsic muscles in the plantar surface of the foot contains what 3 muscles?

Answer 22

1) Flexor digitorum brevis
2) Abductor hallucis
3) Abductor digiti minimi

Question 23

What are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis?

Answer 23

Origin = medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion = plantar surface of middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes

Question 24

What is the 1 action of flexor digitorum brevis?

Answer 24

Flexes lateral 4 toes at proximal interphalangeal joint

Question 25

What are the attachments of abductor hallucis?

Answer 25

``` Origin = medial process of calcaneal tuberosity Insertion = medial side of proximal phalynx of great toe ```

Question 26

What are the 2 action of abductor hallucis?

Answer 26

1) Flexes and | 2) Abducts great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

Question 27

What are the attachments of abductor digiti minimi?

Answer 27

``` Origin = lateral and medial processes of calcaneal tuberosity and band of connective tissue connecting calcaneus with base of metatarsal 5 Insertion = lateral side of base of proximal phalynx of little toe ```

Question 28

What is the action of abductor digiti minimi?

Answer 28

Abducts little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

Question 29

What has to be reflected in order to view the most superficial layer of muscles in the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 29

The plantar aponeurosis

Question 30

What are the attachments of the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 30

Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity then diverges to form 5 digital processes which then enter the toes

Question 31

What are the 2 functions of the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 31

1) Supports the longitudinal arch of the foot | 2) Protects deeper structures in the sole

Question 32

The second most superficial layer of muscles in the plantar surface of the foot contains what 2 muscles?

Answer 32

1) Quadratus plantae | 2) Lumbricals

Question 33

The second layer of muscles in the plantar surface of the foot also contains the tendons of which 2 extrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 33

Tendons of: 1) Flexor hallucis longus 2) Flexor digitorum longus

Question 34

What are the attachments of quadratus plantae?

Answer 34

``` Origin = medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity Insertion = lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus in proximal sole of foot ```

Question 35

What is the function of quadratus plantae?

Answer 35

Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing toes 2-5

Question 36

The third layer of muscles in the plantar surface of the foot contains what 3 muscles?

Answer 36

1) Flexor hallucis brevis 2) Flexor digiti minimi brevis 3) Adductor hallucis (transverse and oblique head)

Question 37

The fourth and deepest layer of muscles in the plantar surface of the foot contains which 2 sets of muscles?

Answer 37

1) Dorsal interossei | 2) Plantar interossei

Question 38

How many dorsal interossei are in the foot?

Answer 38

4

Question 39

How many plantar interossei are there in the foot?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

The plantar and dorsal interossei are attached to and occupy the space between which bone?

Answer 40

The metatarsal bones

Question 41

What is the function of the dorsal and plantar interossei?

Answer 41

PAD DAB Palmar adduct the toes Dorsal abduct the toes

Question 42

Which is the major sensory nerve to the sole of the foot?

Answer 42

Medial plantar nerve

Question 43

Which nerve supplies the skin of lateral 1.5 toes (both on dorsal and plantar surface) and adjacent mid foot region of sole?

Answer 43

Lateral plantar nerve

Question 44

Which nerve supplies the skin of the heel?

Answer 44

Tibial nerve

Question 45

All muscles in the plantar surface of the foot are innervated by what 2 nerves?

Answer 45

Medial or lateral plantar nerves from the tibial nerve

Question 46

Which 2 muscles of the plantar surface of the foot receive some innervation from the deep fibular nerve?

Answer 46

1st and 2nd dorsal interossei

Question 47

What are the 2 main arteries supplying blood to the foot, what are they branches of?

Answer 47

Dorsum of the foot = dorsalis pedis artery which is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery Plantar surface of the foot = lateral plantar artery which is a terminal branch of posterior tibial artery

Question 48

Which 2 arteries anastamose to form the deep plantar arch of the foot?

Answer 48

Deep plantar artery (branch of dorsalis pedis artery) | and lateral plantar artery

Question 49

Between which toes does the deep plantar artery pass to enter the plantar surface of the foot where it contributes to the deep plantar arch?

Answer 49

1st and 2nd toes

Question 50

The posterior tibial artery bifurcates to form which 2 terminal branches on the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 50

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 51

Which nerve supplies the skin of medial 3.5 digits (on dorsal and plantar surface) and adjacent mid region of sole of foot?

Answer 51

Medial plantar nerve

Question 52

Sural nerve supplies skin of what part of the foot?

Answer 52

Strip on the lateral side

Question 53

The sural nerve is a branch of what?

Answer 53

Cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve originating in the leg

Question 54

Which nerve supplies the skin of the medial leg?

Answer 54

Saphenous nerve - cutaneous branch of femoral nerve

Question 55

Which nerve supplies the skin of the first web space on the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 55

The deep fibular nerve

Question 56

Which nerve supplies the majority of the skin on the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 56

The superficial fibular nerve