lymphoma,

Question 1

define lymphoma?

Answer 1

neoplastic primary tumours of the lymphoid cells (lymph nodes, spleen etc)

Question 2

difference between lymphomas and leukaemia?

Answer 2

leukaemia: of haemopoietic cells in bone marrow (WBC and bone marrow) and blood
whereas
lymphomas: mainly of the lymph nodes

Question 3

2 classifications of lymphomas?

Answer 3

hodgkin’s disease

non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 4

what are the commonclinical features of lymphomas?

Answer 4

enlarged lymphnodes (neck, groin, axilla is where you can palpate this)
some cancer cells can infiltrate to liver, spleen or bone marrow.
rarely- red rash (t lymphoid cells cause this)

Question 5

what does a lymphoma look like to the naked eye?

Answer 5

multiple enlarged white areas

Question 6

what are the 4 types of classical Hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 6

Lymphocyte rich Hodgkin’s
Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s
Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s [where produces fibrosis and scarring]
Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin’s

Question 7

what is the neoplastic cell in the classical Hodgkins disease?

Answer 7

the REED-STERNBERG CELL.

Question 8

what are the different types of hodgkins disease based on?

Answer 8

The different types of Hodgkin’s disease are based on the DIFFERING PROPORTIONS OF REED-STERNBERG CELLS AND LYMPHOCYTES

Question 9

what are the characteristics of the lymphocyte rich Hodgkins?

Answer 9

FEW Reed-Sternberg cells and lots of lymphocytes

Question 10

what are the characteristics of the lymphocyte depleted hodgkins?

Answer 10

LOTS of Reed -Sternberg cells and few lymphocytes

Question 11

what are the characteristics of the mixed cellularity hodgkins?

Answer 11

equal proportions of Reed-Sternberg cells and lymphocytes

Question 12

what are the characteristics of the nodular sclerosing hodgkins?

Answer 12

as mixed cellularity, but different architecture:

fibrous tissue formed.

Question 13

what is the most common type of non-hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 13

lymphocytic lymphoma

the types depends on the level of differentiation (low or high grade)

Question 14

what are some examples of the classifications of lymphocytic lymphoma?

Answer 14

B CELL LYMPHOMA - low grade (good)
B CELL LYMPHOMA - high grade (bad)
T CELL LYMPHOMA - low grade (good)
T CELL LYMPHOMA - high grade (bad)

Question 15

what is the Lugano staging system?

Answer 15

4 stages.

criteria changed from normal staging,

Question 16

what is myeloma?

Answer 16

tumour of mature plasma cells
It presents with bone tumours, osteolytic, painful, but with interesting systemic effects.
it can erode the bone away and looks black on the radiograph.

Question 17

what is the staging system for myelomas?

Answer 17

uses the revised international staging system (RISS)
amount of albumin 
amount of beta2 microgloblin 
amount of LDH. in the blood 
the specific gene abnormalities

Question 18

what are the 3 different glial cells?

Answer 18

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells

Question 19

which brain cells cause the tumours and which type is the most common?

Answer 19

glial cells, the most common that gives rise to tumours are astrocytes.

Question 20

how are brain tumours different to other tumours?

Answer 20

the do not metastasise

compromises structure and function of brain by local invasion instead

Question 21

what are embryonal tumours?

Answer 21

derived from embryonic remnants of primitive “blast’ tissue so mainly in young children
they are highlyaggresive and

Question 22

how does the embryonal tumour cells spread?

Answer 22

Spread early and widely by lymphatics and veins
Sensitive to chemotherapy
Formerly rapidly fatal, chemotherapy has revolutionised prognosis

Question 23

what are the 2 most common embryonal tumours?

Answer 23

Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumour) - in kidney, most common.

Neuroblastoma - in adrenal gland, derived from primitive adrenal medullary precursors (neuroblasts); next commonest.

Question 24

what are the more rarer embryonal tumours?

Answer 24

Retinoblastoma - retina; often bilateral; genetic basis.
Medulloblastoma - cerebellum
Hepatoblastoma - liver

Question 25

histology of neuroblastoma?

Answer 25

small dark staining undifferentiated cells. | high nuclear:cytoplasm ratio

Question 26

what are teratomas?

Answer 26

tumours derived from primitive germ cells which retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 primitive embryological lines. teratomas should contain representatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Since they are of germ cell origin, they mainly occur in the OVARY and TESTIS

Question 27

``` teratoma of the ovary? young or older women? benign or malignant? how is the prognoses? differentiation of cells? ```

Answer 27

Young women BENIGN Invariably cystic (‘benign cystic teratoma) good/well differentiation of the cells Cyst contains keratin (“dermoid cyst of ovary”) Skin, hair, bronchial &gut epithelium, thyroid, neuroglia, bone, cartilage found in the cyst GOOD PROGNOSIS

Question 28

teratoma of the testis? differentiation the cells? reaction to chemo? malignant or benign?

Answer 28

``` Young men Painless swelling of testis MALIGNANT Malignancy varies according to type Spreads early via blood stream (-> lung & liver etc) ``` poorly differentiated cells mean good reaction to chemo

Question 29

what does the teratoma of the testis looks like to the naked eye?

Answer 29

mainly solid, | can contains some cysts.

Question 30

what is the difference between hodgkins and non-hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 30

if the cancer has Reed-Sternberg cell, the lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin's. If the Reed-Sternberg cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as non-Hodgkin's.