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Med 2 > Lymphoma > Flashcards

Lymphoma Flashcards

1
Q

Define lymphoma

A

Cancer affecting the lymphocytes in the lymphatic system
Causes proliferation inside the lymph nodes -> lymphadenopathy

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2
Q

What are the two main categories of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma - specific disease
Non-hodgkins lymphoma - umbrella term for all other types.

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3
Q

What cell lineage is affected in lymphoma?

A

Lymphoid blast cells -» either B or T cell lineages

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4
Q

What is the key presentation of lymphoma?

A

Lymphadenopathy - non-tender, firm or rubbery.
‘B-cell metabolic symptoms’ : fever, weight loss, night sweats.
Additional non-specific: fatigue, itching, cough, SoB, abdo pain, recurrent infections, organomegaly.

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5
Q

What are the key risk factors for Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Bimodal age distribution - peak 20-25yrs and 80yrs.
Risk: HIV, EBV, autoimmune conditions, family history.

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6
Q

What are the key diagnostic features of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Lymph node pain after drinking alcohol
Reed-Sternberg cells - large cancerous B-lymphocytes - hallmark biopsy.

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7
Q

What is shown on this cancer patient biopsy of lymph node?

A

Reed-sternberg cells
Large cancerous B-lymphocytes - looks like owls

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8
Q

What are some different types of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
MALT lymphoma

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9
Q

What are the main risk factors for Non-Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

EBV
HIV
H.pylori (MALT)
Hepatitis B/C
Pesticides
Trichloroethylene
Family History

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10
Q

What are the typical features of Diffuse large B cell Lymphoma?

A

Non-hodgkins
Rapidly growing painless mass in older patients.

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11
Q

What is key to know about Burkitt lymphoma?

A

A type of non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Associated with HIV and EBV

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12
Q

What are the key features of MALT lymphoma?

A

Type of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Usually around the stomach.

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13
Q

What is the key difference between High-grade and Low-grade lymphomas?

A

Highgrade - faster proliferation, respond better to treatment, unlikely to reoccur
Low grade - slower proliferation, poorer response to treatment, can be incurable or require lots of treatment, watch and wait approach

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14
Q

What is meant by transformation of a lymphoma?

A

Changing from a slow growing to a faster growing type.

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15
Q

What are the key investigations for lymphoma?

A

Lymph node biospy - gold standard
CT, MRI and PET - for diagnosis and staging

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16
Q

What classification system is used for stages of Lymphoma?

A

Lugano

17
Q

What are the different stages of lymphoma by the lugano system?

A

Stage 1 - confined to one node or group of nodes
Stage 2 - multiple groups of nodes on the same side of the diaphragm
stage 3 - lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm
Stage 4 - widespread including non-lymphatic organs such as the lung/liver.

18
Q

What is the typical management for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

Curative, often successful.
Risk of relapse

19
Q

What are the typical management plans for Non-Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Depends on type/stage

Watchful waiting
Chemotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies
Radiotherapy
Stem cell transplant

20
Q

What are the potential side effects of chemotherapy?

A

Infections
Cognitive impairement
Secondary cancer (leukemia)
Infertility

21
Q

What are the side effects of radiotherapy?

A

Tissue fibrosis.
Secondary cancers.
Infertility.

22
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

A single type of antibody that targets a specific protein (antigen) - which is part of a harmful process (cancer, autoimmune disease)
Triggers immune response

23
Q

What is rituximab?

A

Monoclonal antibody
Targets CD-20 protein on the surface of B-cells
Treat: autoimmune conditions, cancers related to B-cells (Non-hodkins lymphoma)

24
Q

What are infliximab and adalimumab?

A

Blocks the effects of TNF-alpha.
Monoclonal antibody

Med 2 (22 decks)

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