Lymphoma Flashcards
What is lymphadenopathy?
Lymph nodes enlargement
What is MALT lymphoma?
It is a non-hodgkin lymphoma that originates from B lymphocytes in the marginal zone. It usually occurs in the stomach.
What can cause MALT lymphoma?
H.pylori infection
Chronic inflammation
What would someone with MALT lymphoma present with?
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Symptoms of anaemia
Weight loss
What investigations do you do if you susepct MALT lymphoma in a patient?
Endoscopy and biospy
Immunohistochemistry
CT and PET scans
What is the management plan for somone with MALT lymphoma?
H.pylori eradication therapy (is the INITIAL treatment)
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy (if H.pylori eradication therapy fails)
What are risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- HIV
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis
- Family history
How are hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s lymphoma different?
Hodgkin’s is a SPECIFIC type of lymphoma.
Whereas Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma includes many types like diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, MALT lymphoma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
What are the risk factors for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- HIV
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is associated with MALT lymphoma
- Hepatitis B or C infection
- Exposure topesticides
- Exposure to trichloroethylene (a chemical with a variety of industrial uses)
- Family history
What infections are Burkitt lymphoma usually associated with?
EBV and HIV
How does diffuse large B cell lymphoma usually present and in who (what demographic is it likely to present in)?
Uusally presents in older patients as a growing painless mass
What antibody does Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia cause an excess of?
IgM antibodies
When can patients experience lymph node pain in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
After drinking alcohol
What are B symptoms?
B symptoms is the termed used for these 3 symptoms :
Fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
What investigations do you do for a suspected Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Lymph node biopsy
(Would see Reed-Sternberg cells)
CT, MRI and PET scans
What classification system is used for assessing a Hodgkin AND Non-Hodgkin lymphoma? What does it look at?
The Lugano classification
It emphasises whether the affected nodes are above or below the diaphragm.
What is stage 1 of the Lugano classification?
When there is only one node or groups of nodes
What is stage 2 of the Lugano classification?
When there is more than one group of nodes they are all either above the diaphragm or are all below the diaphragm
What is stage 3 of the Lugano classification?
Lymph nodes above and below the diahpragm are affected.
What is stage 4 of the Lugano classification?
Widespread involvement of the lymph nodes including non-lymphatic organs such as the lungs or liver.
What is the management for someone with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
What risks are there with chemotherapy and radiotherapy?
Chemotherapy —-> Infections,cognitive impairment, secondary cancers (e.g. leukaemia) and infertility
Radiotherapy —-> risk of tissue fobrosis, secondary cancers and infertility
Which B cell lymphoma is aggressive and which is indolent: Margin B-cell lymphoma OR Mantle B-cell lymphoma?
Margin B cell lymphoma —> is indolent
Mantle B-cell lymphoma is aggressive
From outer layer to inner layer (margin —>mantle—>germinal centre (in the middle)
These are all part of the cortex. This is where B-cells reside which is why both mantle and margin lymphomas are B-cell lymphomas.
