lymphoma Flashcards
what are the different types of lymphoma?
two main categories of lymphoma: Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a specific disease
non-Hodgkins lymphoma encompasses all the other lymphomas.
what is the distribution of Hodgkin lymphoma?
bimodal age distribution with peaks around aged 20 and 75 years.
what are the risk factors for Hodgkins lymphoma?
HIV
Epstein-Barr Virus
Autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis
Family history
when may patients experience pain in their lymph nodes?
when they drink alcohol
what is the presentation of lymphoma?
- lymph nodes in the axilla or groin which are non tender
- B symptoms
- fatigue
- itching
- cough
- SOB
- abdo pain
- recurrent infections
what is a key finding from lymph node biopsy of a Hodgkins lymphoma?
- reed Sternberg cells
- large B cells with multiple nuclei which have nucleoli inside them
what is the staging used for Hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma?
ann arbor staging
Stage 1: Confined to one region of lymph nodes.
Stage 2: In more than one region but on the same side of the diaphragm (either above or below).
Stage 3: Affects lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm.
Stage 4: Widespread involvement including non-lymphatic organs such as the lungs or liver.
what are the main types of management for Hodgkin lymphomas, and what are the associated risks ?
Chemotherapy creates a risk of leukaemia and infertility.
Radiotherapy creates a risk of cancer, damage to tissues and hypothyroidism.
what are some notable non Hodgkin lymphomas?
Burkitt lymphoma is associated with Epstein-Barr virus, malaria and HIV.
MALT lymphoma affects the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, usually around the stomach. It is associated with H. pylori infection.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma often presents as a rapidly growing painless mass in patients over 65 years.
what are risk factors for non-hodgkins lymphoma?
HIV
Epstein-Barr Virus
H. pylori (MALT lymphoma)
Hepatitis B or C infection
Exposure to pesticides and a specific chemical called trichloroethylene used in several industrial processes
Family history
how can non-hodgkin lymphoma be differentiated from Hodgkins?
- lymph node biopsy
- Hodgkins will have reedsternberg cells
what is the management of non-hodgkin lymphoma?
Watchful waiting Chemotherapy Monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab Radiotherapy Stem cell transplantation
