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Immunology > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune cells

A

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, complement

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2
Q

Innate immune characteristics

A

non-specific, rapid response; includes physical barriers like skins and mucus; has PRR to PAMPS and secrete lysozyme, complement, C-reactive protein, and defensins

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3
Q

Innate immune cells

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

Adaptive immune characteristics

A

specific, slower but has memory; V(D)J recombination -> immunoglobulins

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5
Q

MHC I processing

A

Proteosome degrades endogenous peptide -> TAP allows peptide fragments into RER, loaded onto MHC I -> B2-microglobulin associates -> sent to cell surface

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6
Q

MHC I characteristics

A

HLA-A, B, C; expressed on all nucleated cells; present endogenous antigens to CD8+ CTL

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7
Q

MHC II processing

A

MHC loaded with invariant chain in the ER -> in endosome/lysosome the acidic pH cleaves the invariant chain leaving a CLIP peptide -> vesicle fuses with processed peptide and replaceds CLIP -> pMHC fuses with cell surface

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8
Q

MHC II characteristics

A

HLA-DP, DQ, DR; expressed on APCs; present exogenous antigens on CD4+ helper T cells

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9
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

from lymphoid progenitor; recognizes by lack of class I MHC on target cells -> release perforin and granzyme to induce apoptosis; has Fc receptors for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

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10
Q

B cell function

A

Recognize antigen (somatic hypermutation), produce antibodies (plasma cells), maintain immunological memory

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11
Q

T cell function

A

CD4+ T cells activate B cells, make cytokines to recruit phagocytes ; CD8+ T cells directly kill virus infected cells; type IV hypersensitivity

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12
Q

T cell maturation

A

Pre-T cells has V(D)J recombined B chain and pre-T alpha; becomes double positive (CD4+CD8+ and mature TCR) -> positive selection -> single positive -> negative selection -> naïve mature T cell

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13
Q

T cell differentiation cytokines

A

Th1 = IL-12; Th2 = IL-4; Th17 = TGF-B + IL-6

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14
Q

Positive selection

A

Thymic cortex; gets rid of T cells specific against self-MHC

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15
Q

Negative selection

A

Thymic medulla; gets rid of T cells with high affinity for self antigens

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16
Q

T cells activation with macrophages

A

Activated macrophages secrete IL-12 to differentiate into Th1 cells -> Th1 cells secrete INF-g to stimulate macrophages further

17
Q

Th1 cell

A

differentiated by IL-12 and IFN-g; secretes IFN-g to activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells; inhibited by IL-4 and IL-10

18
Q

Th2 cell

A

differentiated by IL–4; secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 to recruit eosinophils and promote IgE; inhibited by IFN-g

19
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+ binds to MHC I; kills virus-infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by releasing cytotoxic granules (perforin, granzyme)

20
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+; maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T cell effector function by direct contact or indirect (anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10, TGF-B)

21
Q

Naive T cell activation

A

APC sample and process antigen on MHC; drain to lymph node and give signal 1 to TCR; signal 2 is CD28 on T cell to CD80/86 on APC; signal 3 is differentiation, APC secrete cytokines to do so

22
Q

B cell activation and class switching

A

Th cell is activated -> BCR mediated endocytosis, presents on MHC II, and recognized by TCR on Th cell (signal 1) -> Th cell expresses CD40L which binds to CD40 on the B cell (signal 2) -> Th cell secretes cytokines that determine Ig class switching of B cell

23
Q

Fab

A

fragment antigen binding, 1 antigenic specificity per B cells -> idiotype

24
Q

Fc

A

fragment constant, carboxy terminal, complement binding, carbohydrate side chain

25
Q

Antibody diversity

A

VJ (light chain) and V(D)J (heavy chain) recombination; recombination of heavy chains with light chains; junctional diversity by N-nucleotide addition by TdT; somatic hypermutation

26
Q

IgG

A

60-70% of circulating Ig, mediate secondary immune response, can cross placenta, fix complement, opsonizes bacteria, neutralizes toxins and viruses

27
Q

IgA

A

prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes, IgA1 = monomer in blood, IgA = dimer in mucous membranes, produced in GI tract, released into secretions (tears, saliva, mucus) and breast milk

28
Q

IgM

A

10% total antibody pool (almost all in circulation), mediate primary immune response,complement fixation, does not cross placenta, antigen receptor on surface of B cells (monomer), secretesd as a pentamer

29
Q

IgD

A

found on surface of mature B cells, unknown function

30
Q

IgE

A

Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils will bind IgE, allergen cross-linking release histamine and other inflammatory mediators -> type I hypersensitivity (allergy); mediates immunity to worms by activating eosinophils

Immunology (5 decks)

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