Lymphocytes

Question 1

what are the cells of the innate response

Answer 1

macrophages, NK cells, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and complement

Question 2

how are genes involved in resistance to pathogens developed for the adaptive immune system

Answer 2

VDJ recombination (not inherited)

Question 3

what are the secreted products that mediate the innate immune response

Answer 3

complement, lysozyme, CRP, defensins

Question 4

what are the HLA loci associated with MHC1?

MCH2?

Answer 4

MHC1= HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C
MHC2= HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ

Question 5

what does MHC2 bind?

Answer 5

MHC2 binds CD4 and TCR

Question 6

where is MCH1 expressed?

Answer 6

expressed on all nucleated cells (not RBC’s)

Question 7

where is MHC2 expressed?

Answer 7

expressed on all APC’s

Question 8

how are antigens transported to the surface of the cell for recognition after endogenous processing

Answer 8

beta2 microglobulin carries the antigen to the surface

Question 9

how are antigens loaded in MHC2-containing cells

Answer 9

after invariant chain is released in an acidified endosome the antigen is loaded

Question 10

what condition is associated with HLA subtype A3

Answer 10

hemochromatosis

Question 11

what condition is associated with HLA subtype B27

Answer 11

Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter’s)

Question 12

what condition is associated with HLA subtype DQ2/DQ8

Answer 12

Celiac’s disease

Question 13

what condition is associated with HLA subtype DR2

Answer 13

multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture’s syndrome

Question 14

what conditions are associated with HLA subtype DR3

Answer 14

diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Grave’s disease

Question 15

what conditions are associated with HLA subtype DR4

Answer 15

rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1

Question 16

what conditions are associated with HLA subtype DR5

Answer 16

pernicious anemia (which leads to B12 deficiency), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 17

what two enzymes do NK cells use to induce apoptosis of infected and tumor cells

Answer 17

granzyme and perforin

Question 18

what cytokines promote NK cell activity

Answer 18

IL-2, IL-12, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

Question 19

NK cells will be triggered to kill a cell if it’s missing a certain surface protein. What protein is this?

Answer 19

MHC1

Question 20

what receptor / surface protein binds the Fc portion of Ig to activate NK cells

Answer 20

CD16

Question 21

what’s the difference between how CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells defend against pathogens

Answer 21

CD8+ cells kill directly, CD4+ cells make cytokines to trigger other immune players and they also promote B cells to produce antibodies

Question 22

where does positive selection for T cells occur and how

Answer 22

cortex of the thymus; T cells with TCRs that recognize MHC survive

Question 23

where does negative selection for T cells occur and how

Answer 23

medulla of the thymus; T cells that bind with high affinity to self-antigens undergo apoptosis

Question 24

name the three kinds of antigen presenting cells

Answer 24

B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 25

what are the two signals for naive T cell activation

Answer 25

signal 1= foreign antigen is presented to T cell (either CD4+ or CD8+) signal 2=costimulation by binding of CD28 on the T cell to B7 on the APC

Question 26

what are the two signals for B cell activation and class switching and what event (which isn't technically one of the signals

Answer 26

``` signal 1= B cell endocytoces and presents antigen on MHC to Th cell via its TCR signal 2=CD40 on B cell binds CD40L on Th cell -->then the Th cell secretes cytokines that induce the B cell to undergo maturation, class switching and antibody production ```

Question 27

what cytokines do Th1 cells secrete

Answer 27

IFN-gamma

Question 28

what cytokines do Th2 cells secrete

Answer 28

IL-4, 5, 6, and 13

Question 29

what do Th1 cells do

Answer 29

activate cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 30

what do Th2 cells do

Answer 30

they activate eosinophils and promote IgE production

Question 31

what cytokines inhibit Th1

Answer 31

IL-4 and IL-10 from Th2 cells

Question 32

what cytokines inhibit Th2

Answer 32

IFN-gamma

Question 33

what cytokine produced by macrophages induces differentiation to Th1 cells

Answer 33

IL-12

Question 34

what kinds of cells do cytotoxic T cells kill

Answer 34

infected, tumor, and donor graft cells

Question 35

what is granulysin

Answer 35

an antimicrobial molecule secreted by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis

Question 36

what cell surface markers do regulatory T cells have

Answer 36

CD3, CD4, CD25

Question 37

what transcription factor is characteristic of regulatory T cells

Answer 37

FOXP3

Question 38

what cytokines do activated T regs produce

Answer 38

IL-10 and TGF-beta

Question 39

what does the Fc portions of IgM and IgG do

Answer 39

fix complement

Question 40

which terminal of the protein is the Fc portion

Answer 40

C terminal

Question 41

what kind of recombination does the light chain do

Answer 41

VJ recombination

Question 42

what three main functions do antibodies have

Answer 42

complement activation, opsonization, neutralization

Question 43

what two kinds of Ig do mature B cells have on their surfaces

Answer 43

IgM and IgD

Question 44

how do cells producing IgM start producing other kinds of antibodies

Answer 44

isotype switching (triggered by T cell activation via CD40L)

Question 45

what's the most abundant Ig isotype in serum

Answer 45

IgG

Question 46

what functions does IgG serve

Answer 46

opsonization, crosses placenta, fixes complement, opsonization of bacteria and neutralization of bacterial toxins and virus

Question 47

where is IgA most abundant and what does it do

Answer 47

mucous membranes; prevents attachment of pathogens to membranes; gets secreted (as a dimer) into saliva, tears, mucus, and breastmilk

Question 48

what does IgE do

Answer 48

binds mast cells and basophils leading to release of granules; cross-links when exposed to allergen in order to promote type I hypersensitivity rxn; triggers eosinophils to respond to parasites