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Immunology- First Aid > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cells of the innate response

A

macrophages, NK cells, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and complement

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2
Q

how are genes involved in resistance to pathogens developed for the adaptive immune system

A

VDJ recombination (not inherited)

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3
Q

what are the secreted products that mediate the innate immune response

A

complement, lysozyme, CRP, defensins

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4
Q

what are the HLA loci associated with MHC1?

MCH2?

A 
MHC1= HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C
MHC2= HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ
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5
Q

what does MHC2 bind?

A

MHC2 binds CD4 and TCR

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6
Q

where is MCH1 expressed?

A

expressed on all nucleated cells (not RBC’s)

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7
Q

where is MHC2 expressed?

A

expressed on all APC’s

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8
Q

how are antigens transported to the surface of the cell for recognition after endogenous processing

A

beta2 microglobulin carries the antigen to the surface

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9
Q

how are antigens loaded in MHC2-containing cells

A

after invariant chain is released in an acidified endosome the antigen is loaded

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10
Q

what condition is associated with HLA subtype A3

A

hemochromatosis

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11
Q

what condition is associated with HLA subtype B27

A

Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter’s)

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12
Q

what condition is associated with HLA subtype DQ2/DQ8

A

Celiac’s disease

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13
Q

what condition is associated with HLA subtype DR2

A

multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture’s syndrome

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14
Q

what conditions are associated with HLA subtype DR3

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Grave’s disease

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15
Q

what conditions are associated with HLA subtype DR4

A

rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1

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16
Q

what conditions are associated with HLA subtype DR5

A

pernicious anemia (which leads to B12 deficiency), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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17
Q

what two enzymes do NK cells use to induce apoptosis of infected and tumor cells

A

granzyme and perforin

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18
Q

what cytokines promote NK cell activity

A

IL-2, IL-12, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

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19
Q

NK cells will be triggered to kill a cell if it’s missing a certain surface protein. What protein is this?

A

MHC1

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20
Q

what receptor / surface protein binds the Fc portion of Ig to activate NK cells

A

CD16

21
Q

what’s the difference between how CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells defend against pathogens

A

CD8+ cells kill directly, CD4+ cells make cytokines to trigger other immune players and they also promote B cells to produce antibodies

22
Q

where does positive selection for T cells occur and how

A

cortex of the thymus; T cells with TCRs that recognize MHC survive

23
Q

where does negative selection for T cells occur and how

A

medulla of the thymus; T cells that bind with high affinity to self-antigens undergo apoptosis

24
Q

name the three kinds of antigen presenting cells

A

B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

25
Q

what are the two signals for naive T cell activation

A

signal 1= foreign antigen is presented to T cell (either CD4+ or CD8+)
signal 2=costimulation by binding of CD28 on the T cell to B7 on the APC

26
Q

what are the two signals for B cell activation and class switching and what event (which isn’t technically one of the signals

A 
signal 1= B cell endocytoces and presents antigen on MHC to Th cell via its TCR
signal 2=CD40 on B cell binds CD40L on Th cell
-->then the Th cell secretes cytokines that induce the B cell to undergo maturation, class switching and antibody production
27
Q

what cytokines do Th1 cells secrete

A

IFN-gamma

28
Q

what cytokines do Th2 cells secrete

A

IL-4, 5, 6, and 13

29
Q

what do Th1 cells do

A

activate cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages

30
Q

what do Th2 cells do

A

they activate eosinophils and promote IgE production

31
Q

what cytokines inhibit Th1

A

IL-4 and IL-10 from Th2 cells

32
Q

what cytokines inhibit Th2

A

IFN-gamma

33
Q

what cytokine produced by macrophages induces differentiation to Th1 cells

A

IL-12

34
Q

what kinds of cells do cytotoxic T cells kill

A

infected, tumor, and donor graft cells

35
Q

what is granulysin

A

an antimicrobial molecule secreted by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis

36
Q

what cell surface markers do regulatory T cells have

A

CD3, CD4, CD25

37
Q

what transcription factor is characteristic of regulatory T cells

A

FOXP3

38
Q

what cytokines do activated T regs produce

A

IL-10 and TGF-beta

39
Q

what does the Fc portions of IgM and IgG do

A

fix complement

40
Q

which terminal of the protein is the Fc portion

A

C terminal

41
Q

what kind of recombination does the light chain do

A

VJ recombination

42
Q

what three main functions do antibodies have

A

complement activation, opsonization, neutralization

43
Q

what two kinds of Ig do mature B cells have on their surfaces

A

IgM and IgD

44
Q

how do cells producing IgM start producing other kinds of antibodies

A

isotype switching (triggered by T cell activation via CD40L)

45
Q

what’s the most abundant Ig isotype in serum

A

IgG

46
Q

what functions does IgG serve

A

opsonization, crosses placenta, fixes complement, opsonization of bacteria and neutralization of bacterial toxins and virus

47
Q

where is IgA most abundant and what does it do

A

mucous membranes; prevents attachment of pathogens to membranes; gets secreted (as a dimer) into saliva, tears, mucus, and breastmilk

48
Q

what does IgE do

A

binds mast cells and basophils leading to release of granules; cross-links when exposed to allergen in order to promote type I hypersensitivity rxn; triggers eosinophils to respond to parasites

Immunology- First Aid (5 decks)

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