lymphatics and salivary glands

Question 1

list the 4 main tonsils of the tonsillar ring and name their locations

Answer 1

• palantine: between palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal
• tubal: lateral walls of the nasopharynx posterior to the auditory tubes
• pharyngeal: roof of the nasopharynx (aka adenoids
• lingual: base of the tongue, posterior 2/3s

Question 2

list the major salivary glands

Answer 2

• parotid gland
• submandibular gland
• sublingual gland

Question 3

describe the development of the parotid gland

Answer 3

• develops from invagination of ectoderm between maxillary and mandibular swellings
• tubular ducts sink into the mesenchyme
• duct opening in mouth is transferred the inner surface of check during the fusion of max and mand swellings

Question 4

what germ layer forms the major salivary glands?

Answer 4

ectoderm

Question 5

describe the development of the submandibular and sublingual glands

Answer 5

• form through a similar process in the floor of the oral cavity
• formed from epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

Question 6

what are the two types of major salivary gland secretions?

Answer 6

• serous

- mucuous

Question 7

describe a serous secretion

Answer 7

• thin watery fluid
• enzymes
  
  • Peroxidases
  • Amylases
  • Lysozyme
• lactoferrin: chelates iron needed for bacterial growth
• immunoglobulin A: neutralizes bacteria and viruses

Question 8

describe a mucous secretion

Answer 8

• thick fluid

- glycoproteins called mucins

Question 9

describe the stimulation and innervation of saliva

Answer 9

• parasympathetic (rest and digest): thin saliva, to facilitate digestion (which corresponds with “rest and digest”)
• sympathetic (fight or flight): thicker mucous, to facilitate respiration (which corresponds to “fight or flight”)

Question 10

list the components of saliva

Answer 10

• electrolytes
• amylase
• lipase
• mucus
• lysozyme
• lactoferrin
• immunoglobulin A
• SLIPI

Question 11

what is included in electrolytes?

Answer 11

• sodium
• potassium
• chloride
• phosphate
• bicarbonate ions

Question 12

what do amylase, lipase and mucus do?

Answer 12

• amylase: digest carbs
• lipase: digest fat, activated by stomach
• mucus: lubricates food, aids swallowing

Question 13

what do lysozymes, lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A do?

Answer 13

• lysozymes: enzyme that attacks bacterial cell wall
• lactoferrin: chelates iron to stop bacterial growth
• IgA: antibody

Question 14

what does SLIPI stand for? what does it do?

Answer 14

• secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor

- thought to be a potent antimicrobial agent

Question 15

list the salivary ducts

Answer 15

• intercalated
• striated
• excretory

Question 16

describe an intercalated duct

Answer 16

• receives fluid from the acinus

- simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 17

describe a striated duct

Answer 17

• simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
• produces a hypotonic saliva by reabsorbing NaCl
• secretes buffering bicarbonate into the saliva

Question 18

describe an excretory duct

Answer 18

• connects to the oral cavity
• simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
• occasionally stratified columnar epithelium

Question 19

list the highlights of the parotid salivary gland

Answer 19

• lateral border of the face and anterior to the ear
• prodcues 25% of saliva
• excretes through the parotid duct (stenson’s duct) and parotid papilla
• primarily serous secreting
• granules of acinar cells contain:
  
  • enzymes (peroxidase, amylase, lysosyme)
  • antimicrobial proteins (cystatins and histatins)
• striated duct carries products of the acini and dilutes the saliva by reabsorbing NaCl
• IgA secreted from local plasma cells

Question 20

list the highlights of the submandibular gland

Answer 20

• lateral border of the mandible
• produces 70% of saliva
• excretes through the submandibular duct (wharton’s duct) on both sides of lingual frenulum
• mixed glands with mostly serous secretions
  
  • both serous and mucous cells
• right inset is a striated duct

Question 21

list the highlights of the sublingual salivary gland

Answer 21

• below the anterior portions of the tongue
• prodcues 5% of saliva
• excretes through sublingual duct next to the submandibular duct and also at multiple locations at the floor of the tongue called Ducts of Rivinus
• mixed gland with mostly mucuous secretions

Question 22

briefly describe the types of secretions from each major salivary gland

Answer 22

parotid: mostly serous
sublingual: mostly mucous
submandibular: 50/50 serous/mucous

Question 23

list the nicknames given to the ducts that each major salivary gland excretes through

Answer 23

parotid: stenson’s
sublingual: ducts of rivinus
submandibular: wharton’s