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abdomin and superficial structures > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What type of fluid does the lymphatic system return to the body circulation?

A

Extracellular fluid

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of extracellular fluid?

A
  1. Plasma- colourless fluid that seeps through capillary walls
  2. Interstitial- plasma that circulates among body tissue
  3. Lymph- interstitial fluid drained out of tissue and enters the lymphatic ducts
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3
Q

How does the lymphatic system differ from the circulatory system? (3)

A
  1. Lack of pump
  2. Travel in one direction
  3. Contains lymph nodes
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4
Q

What system does the lymphatic system course along?

A

Circulatory system

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5
Q

What does the lymphatic system contain?

A

Capillaries, vessels, ducts and nodes through out body

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6
Q

What is a capillary?

A

Blind ended structures in the interstitial places, single endothelial layer

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7
Q

What vessels drain into deep lymphatics?

A

Superficial vessels at subcutaneous level

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8
Q

When do the deep vessels pass through the lump nodes?

A

On their way to the chest

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9
Q

When does the lymph re-enter the bloodstream?

A

In the chest

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10
Q

Describe a lymph node

A

Bean-shaped (ovoid) accumulations of lymph tissue scattered along the lymphatic vessel

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11
Q

What is the normal size of a lymph node?

A

1mm to 1-2cm

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12
Q

Does the lymph node have a cortex

A

Connective tissue capsule

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13
Q

Refer to diagram on pg 5 for picture of lymph node

A

Refer to pg 5

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14
Q

Do the afferent vessels enter or exit lymph node?

A

Enter

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15
Q

What is the route the afferent ? take? What do they do?

A
  1. Carry lymph through sinuses
  2. Filter and destroy bacteria and malignant cells
  3. Germinal centers (sponge like centers)
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16
Q

What are the lymph sinuses lined with?

A

Phagocytic cells

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17
Q

What is the job of the germinal centres?

A

Produce lymphocytes

Empty into the lymph prior to leaving the node

18
Q

Do the efferent vessels enter or exit the lymph node?

A

Exit

19
Q

Are lymph nodes the primary site of dx?

A

No

20
Q

Where are secondary diseases seen?

A

Within systemic infections and many neoplasms

21
Q

Where are 2 areas of node bearing areas within the retroperitoneum?

A
  1. Iliac and hypogastric region- pelvis

2. Para-aortic- upper retroperitoneum

22
Q

Lymph chains follow the path of what 3 structures?

A
  1. Thoracic aorta
  2. Abdominal aorta
  3. Iliac arteries
23
Q

What other structures contain lymph tissue? (3)

A
  1. Tonsils- protect oral region
  2. Thymus- produce antibodies before puberty and manufacture lymphocytes
  3. Spleen- filter blood and produce lymphocytes
24
Q

Name the groups of nodes and their specific location (4)

A

Axillary- upper limbs
Cervical- neck
Inguinal- lower limbs
Intestinal nodes- digestion

25
Q

What are intestinal nodes known as?

A

Peyer’s patch

26
Q

Are their deep and superficial channels of drainage?

A

Yes

27
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right upper quadrant

28
Q

What does the left duct (thoracic duct) drain?

A

Remaining 2/3 of the body

29
Q

Where does the lymph drain into the circulatory system?

A

At the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins

30
Q

Describe the physiology of lymph

A
  • Extracellular fluid formation
  • Similar to blood plasma-higher albumin ratio
  • Low leukocyte count
  • No erythrocytes
  • Digestive enzymes
31
Q

Describe lymph flow

A
  • Slow under resting conditions
  • Depends on kneading action of skeletal muscles
  • Contains valves in larger vessels
32
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system? (4)

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Immunity
  3. Tissue damage
  4. Excretion- absorption and circulation of end products of fat digestion
33
Q

Describe the scanning technique of lymph nodes

A

Scan midline in spine or decubitus
Sagittal or transverse
Assess psoas and QL muscles at pelvic areas
Gentle pressure to displace bowel

34
Q

What are the common sites of lymph nodes?

A
  • Para-aortic and para-caval (IVC) areas
  • Mesenteric and celiac areas
  • Around pancreas
  • Renal hilum
  • Porta hepatis
    Along iliac vessels
35
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of lymph nodes?

A

Homogenous, low level echos

36
Q

Are abdominal lymph nodes seen?

A

Rarely seen, unless inflamed

Should be < 1cm AP

37
Q

What can enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes mimic?

A

Aneurysm

38
Q

What can obscure visualization of abdominal lymph nodes?

A

Bowel gas

39
Q

Can enlarged lymph nodes surrounding vessels make evaluation of these vessels and bifurcations difficult?

A

Yes

40
Q

What condition obscure enlarged lymph nodes?

A

Hydronephrosis

abdomin and superficial structures (12 decks)

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