Lymphatics Flashcards
Roles
production of lymphocytes
immune filter
absorbs fats and lipid soluble vitamins
absorbs overflow of fluid from tissues
Primary lymphoid tissues
Bone marrow
thymus
secondly lymphoid tissues
lymph nodes and lymph vessels - travel to area to do a job
spleen- filters blood
GALT
BALT
SALT
NALT
GALT
gut associated lymphoid tissue
BALT
bronchi associated lymphoid tissue
SALT
skin associated lymphoid tissue
NALT
nasal associated lymphoid tissue
lymph formation
lymph vessels interlinked with capillary beds
veins selectively permeable
lymph vessels easy entry as endothelial flaps beween endothelial cells
fluid choose pathway of least resistance
tissue drainage
fluid containing O2 nad nutrients pumped into capillary bed
most pumped back through veins containing waste products and CO2
Overflow includes leaked plasma proteins, bacteria, cytoplasm, cell debris
this is dumped in lymph vessel- low pressure system containing valves
travels through lymph nodes which immunologically filter it
enters venous system ending in the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
lymphatic trunk
convergence of lymphatic vessels
cisterna chyli
inferior portion of the thoracic duct swelling
right lymphatic duct
drains only right upper portion
runs close to the heart so easily effected
thoracic duct
3/4 of the body
everything below the diaphragm and the left side of the body
lymph vessels and arteries
usually run alongside each other
pulsatile movement of the arteries moves the lymph along
hindered by gravity
vilus in small intestine
in the middle of every vilus is a lymph node called a lacteal
lacteal takes up all dietary fats in chylomicrons
safe transport of fates as chyle (fatty fluid)
immunity
all lymphocytes start in the bone marrow as pro lymphocytes (progenitor cells)
stay in the bone marrow- B cells
-antibody mediated responses = cascade reactions
move to the thymus - T cells
-cell mediated responses ( no antibodies, cytokine mediated)
lymph node
multiple afferent lymph vessels
cortex- outer= b cells, inner=T cells
ones inside immunologically cleaned
passes out medulla and efferent
travels along to next branch of lymph nodes
well vascularised
tumour cells
not attacked as identified as self
mechanical barrier that can trap tumour cells
however if enter lymph receives lots of vascular supply and is a good growing site for cancer cells
spleen
where lymph is created
blood cleaned in a sieve like structure which if they cannot pass through broken down by macrophages
infections treated here
splenomegaly
enlarged spleen (seen at the right iliac fossa)
thymus
turns to fat as we age - not needed as much due to a developed immune system ( primed Tcells)
can be seen in as a large mass on an paediatrics Xray
lymphocytes from bone marrow migrate to mature to T cells
proliferation of T cells clones to create a pool of lymphocytes
involution
decreased function with age
lymphangitis
infection of lymph vessels - tracking of lymph vessels due to irritation
lymphadenitis
infection of the lymph node - warm and tender to touch but mobile
lymphadenopathy
enlargement/ disease of the lymph nodes (generic term)
lymphoedema
collection of lymph fluid - swelling in tissues with interrupted lymph drainage
metastatic lymph node
stoney, lumpy, painless, possibly mobile
NOT red or hot
progression of cancer is show if it has excited the the lymph node and attached to muscle /tissue and becomes fixed
lymph node removal
no longer a network of tissues
so fluid accumulation (staged 1-4)
compression stockings - manually massage fluid
sentinel nodes
cancer in lymph nodes
put a dye into a tracer
wait for the dye to reach sentinel node -probe identifies radioactive hotspot
open up and remove node
node sent to lab to identify cancer if cancer has gone beyond that node allowing for staging
