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lymphatic system > lymphatic system and immunity > Flashcards

lymphatic system and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

transports excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstream.

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2
Q

are lymphatic capillaries open or closed?

A

Closed-ended tubes that extend into the interstitial spaces to form complex networks that are associated with blood capillaries

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3
Q

What type of cells do lymphatic capillaries consist of

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells

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4
Q

what are lymphatic vessels

A

formed by merging of lymphatic capillaries
composed of 3 layers: epithelial lining, middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, out layer of connective tissue
HAVE VALVES

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5
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

masses of lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

what do the lymphatic trunks do

A

drain lymph from large regions of the body

“typically named after the area it is located in”

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7
Q

what are the two ducts known as

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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8
Q

what region is the thoracic duct responsible for

A

begins in abdomen as CISTERNA CHYLI passes upward through the diaphragm beside the aortas and empties into the left subclavian vein; drains lymph from LOWER BODY REGION, left arm and left side of head and neck

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9
Q

what region is the right lymphatic duct responsible for

A

originates in the right thorax and empties into the right subclavian vein; drains lymph from right side of head neck and right arm and right thorax

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10
Q

which collecting duct is larger

A

thoracic duct

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11
Q

what does lymph do

A

returns proteins to blood that leaked into interstitial space and transports foreign particles to lymph nodes

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12
Q

movement of lymph is controlled mostly by what

A

muscular activity and valves

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13
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer from one area of the body to another

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14
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs

A

red bone marrow (located in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones) and the thymus glad which produce T and B cells

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15
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules

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16
Q

where do most immune responses occur

A

secondary lymphatic organs

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17
Q

does the thymus gland have efferent and afferent supply?

A

No it does not have afferent lymphatic supply

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18
Q

how does blood enter the thymus gland

A

by branches of subclavian artery and enters at the medulla

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19
Q

what is thymosin

A

a hormone which promotes proliferation and maturation of T-cells

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20
Q

where is the thymus gland located

A

in the mediastinum in front of the aortic arch and behind the sternum

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21
Q

where are afferent vessels located on lymph nodes

A

enter on convex surface

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22
Q

where are efferent vessels located on lymph nodes

A

exit from the hilum

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23
Q

what is the capsule of the lymph node

A

white fibrous connective tissue extends into the node dividing it into compartments which contain lymphocytes and macrophages known as NODULES

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24
Q

what are lymph sinuses

A

spaces within the node which provide complex network of chambers and channels which lymph circulate through as it passes through the node

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25
Q

where is the spleen located

A

in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity just beneath the stomach

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26
Q

what is the spleen filled with

A

blood

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27
Q

the tissues of the spleen are known as what

A

pulp (red and white)

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28
Q

what does red pulp contain

A

red blood cells, lymphocytes, and cellular debris

fills remaining space

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29
Q

what does white pulp contain

A

contains lymphocytes and distributed in tiny islands

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30
Q

infection

A

condition caused by the presence and multiplication of a pathogen

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31
Q

pathogen

A

disease producing agents which include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasitic forms of life

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32
Q

immunity

A

bariety of defense mechanisms in the body that prevent the entrance of pathogens or destroy them if they enter the tissues; two major types of immunity (specific and nonspecific)

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33
Q

what does it mean to be species resistant

A

a species or organism is resistant to certain diseases that other species are susceptible to

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34
Q

what are mechanical barriers

A

unbroken skin and mucous membranes help prevent the entrance of some infectious agents

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35
Q

what is an interferon

A

a group of hormone like peptides which are produced by cells (in respnse to the presence of viruses or certain tumors) that interfere with the reproduction of viruses, stimulate phagocytosis and hep resist infections

36
Q

inflammation

A

a tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues

37
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, Pain, Heat, Swelling, Loss of function

38
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles and cells

39
Q

endogenous pyrogen

A

fire maker from within

40
Q

what does fever do

A

raises the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus….Causes liver and spleen to hold more iron. (Less iron in the blood causes bacterial activity to slow or stop)

41
Q

what is specific immunity

A

involves action of Specialized Cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages which recognize the presence of foreign substances in the body and respond to them

42
Q

where are lymphocytes released from

A

red bone marrow carried away by the blood

43
Q

what can lymphocytes become

A

T cells which are derived from the thymus (70-80% flowing in the blood) and B cells from the bone marrow

44
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance to which lymphocytes respond

45
Q

hapten

A

smaller molecule that cannot stimulate an immune reaction by itself (combines with larger molecule and forms a combination that is antigenic)

penicillin is a common hapten

46
Q

which type of cell has CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY(CMI)

A

t-cells

47
Q

which type of cell lymphocyte acts indirectly against antigens

A

B-cells that secrete globular proteins (immunoglobulins)

48
Q

what is an immunoglobulin molecule

A

globular proteins called antibodies which are carried by the body fluids and destroy specific antigens

-composed of 4 chains of amino acids, 2 chains are identical light chains (L-chains) and 2 are identical heavy chains (H-chains) a disulfide bond holds each L-chain to an H-chain

49
Q

hinge region of an immunoglobulin

A

area at link of H-chain; has considerable flexibility

50
Q

Variable region of an immunoglobulin

A

tip of L-chains containing the antigen binding site; it contains the part of the antibody that recognizes and attaches specifically to a particular antigen

51
Q

constant region

A

remainder of each H and L chain that is nearly the same in all antibodies of the same class and is responsible for the type off antigen antibody reaction that occurs.

52
Q

what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins

A

Ig G; Ig M; Ig A; Ig D; Ig E

53
Q

which Ig comprises 80% of the antibodies

A

Ig G

54
Q

characteristics of Ig G

A
  • only one to cross the placents
  • occurs in tissue fluid and plasma
  • acts against bacteria, viruses, toxins
  • immunity to fetus
55
Q

characteristics of Ig M

A
  • 6% of the antibodies
  • develop in plasma
  • A & B agglutinins (antibodies) of r.b.c. are Ig M
56
Q

characteristics of Ig A

A
  • 13% of the antibodies
  • found in secretions of exocrine glands
  • act against bacteria and viruses
  • found in most body fluids
  • provide local immunity; prevent attachment of pathogens
57
Q

characteristics of Ig D

A
  • < 1% of the antibodies
  • on surface of B-lymphocytes
  • involved in activation of B-cells
58
Q

characteristics of Ig E

A
  • <1% of the antibodies
  • involved in allergic reactions
  • located on basophils
  • promotes inflammation
59
Q

How do antibodies react to antigens

A

a. attacking them directly
b. activating a set of enzymes known as complement that attack the antigens
c. stimulating changes in local tissues that help prevent the spread of antigens

60
Q

what is a complement?

A

a group of enzymes that are activated by the combination of antibody with antigen and enhance the reaction against foreign substances within the body; produce a variety of effects including chemotaxis, opsonization and inflammation.

61
Q

agglutination

A

causing antigens to clump together

62
Q

precipitation

A

cause antigens to form insoluble substances; easier for phagocytes to engulf

63
Q

neutralization

A

cause antigens to lose toxic properties

64
Q

chemotaxis

A

attracts macrophages and neutrophils into region

65
Q

opsonization

A

alters cell membranes rendering cells more susceptible to being phagocytized.

66
Q

lysis

A

cause cell membranes to rupture

67
Q

what steps are taken in a DIRECT ATTACK

A

AGGLUTINATION, PRECIPITATION, NEUTRALIZATION

68
Q

what steps are taken during the activation of complement

A

chemotaxis, opsonization, lysis

69
Q

what is a primary response

A

B-cells and T-cells become activated after first encountering the antigens for which they are specialized to react

70
Q

what is a secondary response

A

subsequent reaction which is much quicker than primary response

71
Q

what is a memory cell

A

dormant B-cells from a prior primary response. If identical antigen is encountered in the future the clones of memory cells increase and respond rapidly to the antigen

72
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

exposure to live pathogens, symptoms of a disease and stimulation of an immune response
(chicken pox)

73
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

exposure to VACCINE containing weakened or dead pathogens; stimulation of an immune response without the severe symptoms of a disease
(flu shot)

74
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

injection of gamma flobulin containing antibodies; immunity for a short time without stimulating an immune response
(booster shot)

75
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

short-term immunity for infant, without stimulating an immune response (the first immunity Breast feeding boosts immunity)

76
Q

definition of active immunity

A

Body had to work to fight disease

77
Q

definition of passive immunity

A

the disease is just given to you (like booster shot or short term)

78
Q

histocompatibility

A

compatibility between the tissues of a donor and the tissues of a recipient, based upon antigenic similarities

79
Q

autograft

A

transplant of tissue from one part of the body to another part

80
Q

isograft

A

donor and recipient are genetically identical

81
Q

allograft

A

transplant between members of the same species, different genetic background; often a temporary measure to help tissue repair (when someone dies and you get the organ)

82
Q

xenograft

A

transplant between different species

83
Q

autoimmune diseae

A

CMI and AMI responses directed toward a persons own tissues; (systemic lupus erythematosus)

84
Q

cyclosporine

A

immunosuppressive drug

85
Q

what does cyclosporine do

A
  • depresses secretions by T helper cells thus lowering tissue rejection
  • allows supressor T-cells and neutrophils to function so that at least part of the immune system remains intact
86
Q

autoimmnity

A

“when a virus attacks, the immune system defends the body.” The defense capabilities of a malfunctioning immune system can harm the body by mistaking and attacking the body’s own cells as if they were invading viruses or germs

lymphatic system (1 decks)

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