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BIOL 1190 > Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease producing microbes such as bacteria and virus

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Present at birth
Gives general protection
Non specific resistance

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Involves specific recognition of microbe
Activation of Lymphocytes B and T
Develops over time and gets stronger over time

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4
Q

Which system carries out immune responses?

A

Lymphatic system

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5
Q

What is lymph plasma?

A

Interstitial fluid found in lymph vessels and lymphoid tissues
Has less protein that blood plasma because protein molecules are too large for capillaries

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6
Q

Functions of lymphoid system?

A
  1. Drain excess interstitial fluid ( from tissue spaces and return in to blood)
  2. Transport dietary fats (lipid soluble vitamins A,D,E,K) absorbed by digestive canal
  3. Carries out immune responses (
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7
Q

How are lymphatic vessels structured?

A

Have thin walls and many valves

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries characteristics?

A

More permeable than blood capillaries (so absorb more molecules such as protein and lipids)
Closed at one end
Located between cells of many tissues

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9
Q

Which tissues lack lymphatic capillaries?

A

Avascular tissues
Ex. Cartilage, epidermis, cornea of eye, red bone marrow, portion of spleen

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10
Q

Interstitial and lymph capillaries pressure?

A

When pressure is ⬆️ in interstitial fluid lymph capillaries cell separate allowing it to come in (one way)
When pressure is ⬆️ in capillaries cells adhere closely so lymph plasma can’t escape back to interstitial fluid

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11
Q

What are anchoring filaments ?

A

Elastic fibres that extend from endothelial cells of capillaries to surrounding tissues
When excess interstitial fluid forms, the filaments are pulled creating larger openings between cells so fluid can flow into lymphatic capillaries

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12
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Special lymph capillaries in small intestine that carry dietary lipids into lymph vessels then blood
That lymph plasma is called chyle

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13
Q

What are lymph trunks?

A

They are formed by lymphatic vessels that exit a lymph node
- Lumbar trunks (drain lymph plasma from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, abdominal wall)
- Intestinal trunks (drain lymph from stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen, liver)
- Bronchomediastinal trunks (drain lymph from thoracic wall, lung, heart)
- Subclavian trunks (drain lymph from upper limbs)
- jugular trunks (drain lymph from head and neck)

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14
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct?

A

Drains lymph plasma from upper right side of body into right subclavian vein

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15
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

Receives lymph plasma from head, neck, chest, left arm, and entire body below ribs
Empties into junction between internal jaguar vein and left subclavian vein

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16
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

It’s a dilation, found below diaphragm, origin of the thoracic duct
Receives lymph plasma from lumbar trunks and intestinal trunks then connect to thoracic ducts

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17
Q

What is the sequence of fluid flow in lymphatic capillaries?

A

Interstitial fluid>lymph capillaries>lymph vessels>lymph trunks>lymph ducts>subclavian vein

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18
Q

Two pumps that maintain flow of lymph plasma?

A
  1. Respiratory pump ( lymph flow from high [] in abdominal wall to low [] in thoracic wall during inhalation)
    (During exhalation the valves prevent back flow of lymph, smooth walls in lymph vessels move plasma)
  2. Skeletal muscle pump (skeletal muscle contractions compress lymph vessels forcing lymph toward subclavian vein)
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19
Q

Primary lymphoid organs?

A

Where immune cells become immunocompetent
1. Red bone marrow (B-cell formation and maturation and pre T-cells formation)
2. Thymus (where T-cell migrate to become immunocompetent)

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20
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Where immune responses occur
1. Lymph node
2. Lymphoid nodules
3. Spleen

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21
Q

Thymus characteristics

A

Located between sternum and aorta
- Capsule encloses each lobe (2)
- Cortex outer layer composed of T-cells, nodular dendritic cells assist in maturation, and macrophages)
- Medulla (inner part of thymus)

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22
Q

Lymphoid nodes characteristics

A

Bean shaped structure along lymphatic vessels
- Afferent lymphatic vessel (more) (where lymph vessels carry lymph plasma or foreign particles in)
- Efferent lymphatic vessels (less) (where lymph fluid exits)
Afferent lymphatic vessel> subcapsular sinus> trabecular sinus> medullary sinus> efferent lymphatic vessel

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23
Q

Function of lymph nodes?

A

Function as a filter—> trap foreign substances by reticular fibres, macrophages destroyed microbes through phagocytes and lymphocytes destroy substances by immune response

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24
Q

What is spleen and its functions?

A

Largest lymphoid tissue between stomach and diaphragm
- White pulp (lymphoid tissue consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages called central arteries )
- Red pulp (consists of blood filled sinuses called splenic cords)
1. Removal or ruptured or defective blood cells or platelets by macrophages
2. Storage of platelets
3. Production of blood cells during fetal life

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25
Q

Lymphoid nodules

A

-Egg shaped masses not surrounded by capsule
-Scattered through out CT of mucous membranes lining in digestive, urinary, respiratory canal (MALT)
- Some occur is large aggregation for example Tonsils and Aggregated Lymphoid follicles in small intestine

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26
Q

Primary lymphoid nodules

A

Consist of B cells

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27
Q

What are secondary lymphoid nodules?

A

Site of plasmocyte and memory B cell formation

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28
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membrane

29
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Internal defenses

30
Q

First line of defense subdivision

A
  • Mechanical defenses (skin,mucous membrane, tears, saliva, mucous, cilia, epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting
  • Chemical defenses (sebum oil made by sebaceous glands, lysosome and enzyme, gastric juice)
31
Q

Second line of defense subdivision

A
  • Antimicrobial substances (interferons, complement, iron binding proteins and antimicrobial proteins AMP)
  • Natural Killer cells NK (release perforin that causes cytolysis, or granzyme that cause apoptosis) kill infected cells or tumor cells but not the microbes inside.
  • Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages that engulf microbes)
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
32
Q

Phagocytosis phases

A
  1. Chemotaxis (chemicals that attract phagocytes call take them to the site of damage)
  2. Adherence (attachment of phagocyte to microbe )
  3. Ingestion (microbes gets ingested by phagocyte surrounding it with a sac called phagosome)
  4. Digestion (once the phagosome enters cytoplasm the lysosome attack, phagolysozome, it breaking down its walls and other digestive enzyme break down carbs proteins and its lipids)
  5. Killing (whatever it’s left from the breakdown remains in a structure called residual body)
33
Q

Inflammation stages

A
  1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries (permits more blood to rush to that area and more antibodies and clotting factors to reach site of injury)
  2. Emigration of phagocytes (monocytes> phagocytes and neutrophils rush to the area by rolling Arlington endothelium and squeezing between endothelial cells)
  3. Tissue repair (pus made of dead phagocytes and damages tissue forms and clotting happens)
34
Q

Inflammation signs and symptoms

A

P pain R redness I immobility S swelling H heat

35
Q

What are antigens?

A

Foreign substance
A substance that has immunogenicity, ability to provoke and immune response
And has reactivity, ability to react with antibodies or cells

36
Q

Two properties of adaptive immune system ?

A
  1. Specificity (for particular foreign molecules or nonself molecules)
  2. Memory (so the second encounter antigens can respond faster)
37
Q

What are antigen receptors?

A

Found on plasma membrane of B or T-cell that can recognize specific antigens
Found after T B-cells gain immunocompetence (ability to recognize and react to antigens)

38
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

-When cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading agents
1. Effective against intracellular pathogens, virus, bacteria, fungi inside a cell
2. Against some cancer cells
3. Against foreign tissue transplants

39
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

B cells transform into plasmocytes which secrete antibodies or immunoglobulin
- Against extra cellular pathogens, viruses, bacteria, fungi

40
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Process by which lymphocytes divide and differentiate in response to specific antigen

41
Q

What are effector cells?

A
  • Formed by cloning of lymphocytes
    1. They include active helper T cells, CD4 T cells
    2. And active cytotoxic T cells, CD8 T cells
  • Most of them die after immune response has been completed
42
Q

What are memory cells?

A
  • Remember antigens for future encounters
    1. Memory helper T cells
    2. Memory cytotoxic T cells
    3. Memory B cells
  • Have long life spans
43
Q

What are epitopes?

A

Molecules found on antigens that trigger the production of a specific antibody or activate specific T cell

44
Q

What are hapten?

A

Molecules too small to trigger an immune response on their own but when binds to large carrier molecules is can produce an immune response

45
Q

What are MHC antigens?

A
  • Found on surface of cells except RBC (Class I MHC)
  • Class II MHC present on surfaces of antigen-presenting cells
  • Help T cells recognize a foreign antigens
46
Q

How does antigens processing work?

A

-Antigenic proteins break down into peptide fragments and associated with MCH molecules
- Then this antigen-MHC complex is inserted into plasma membrane of a cell (antigen presentation)
- T cells recognize the peptide fragment, which is foreign, and cause an immune response

47
Q

What are exogenous antigen?

A

-They are foreign antigen present outside of body cells
- APC (antigen presenting cells) dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells present foreign antigens to T cells via lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

48
Q

What are the steps in processing of exogenous antigen?

A
  1. Ingestion of the antigen (APC cells ingest exogenous antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis)
  2. Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments (in phagosome enzyme split large antigens in short peptides)
  3. Synthesis of MHC II molecules ( APC synthesis MHC II molecule at ER)
  4. Packaging of MHC II molecules ( synthesized MHC II molecules are packaged in vesicles)
  5. Fusion of vesicles (antigen peptide fragments and MHC II molecules fuse together)
  6. Binding of peptide fragments to MHC II molecules
  7. Insertion of antigen MHC II molecules into plasma membrane (through exocytosis onto membrane)
49
Q

Steps of Endogenous antigen

A
  1. Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments
  2. Synthesis of MHC I molecules
  3. Binding of peptide fragments to MHC I molecules (antigen enters ER and bings to MHC I molecule)
  4. Packaging of antigen-MHC I molecules (both packaged in a vesicle)
  5. Insertion of antigen-MHC I complex into plasma membrane
50
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • Small proteins secreted by lymphocytes, APC, fibroblasts, monocytes, kidney cells
  • Stimulate or inhibit cell growth and differentiation
51
Q

What are T cell receptors? TCR

A

Antigen receptors on surface of T cells that bind to specific antigen-MHC complexes

52
Q

What is the first signal in activation of T cells?

A

Antigen recognition by TCR with CD4 or CD8 proteins

53
Q

What is the second signal ?

A

It’s called costimulation
- some costimulators are cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2)

54
Q

How does an inactive helper T cell turn into active helper T cell?

A
  • The inactive helper T cells recognizes the exogenous-MHC II molecule they interact with each other and costimulation occurs and helper T cells turns into active T cells
  • Then undergoes clonal selection (formation helper T cell and memory helper T cells)
  • Active helper T cell secretes cytokines IL-2 (positive feedback happens creating more division)
55
Q

Activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells

A

First they recognize antigens combined with MHC I molecules
Second to be activated require costimulation by IK-2 or other cytokines produced by active helper T cell
Then it undergoes clonal selection (formation of active cytotoxic T cell that attach other body cells and memory T cells )

56
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • Kill specific infected body cells using receptors to recognize and bind to infected cell.
  • Release granzyme (apoptosis) perforin (makes channels in membrane and extra cellular fluid flows in causing cytolysis) granulysis (creates holes in membrane)
57
Q

How does activation of B cell happen?

A
  • B cell receptors bind to antigen, taken into cell, broken down into peptides, combined with MHC II self antigens and moved to plasma membrane
  • Then helper T cell recognizes antigen-MHC II complex and delivers the costimulation needed IK 2 and activates B cells
  • Once activated it undergoes clonal selection
58
Q

What cells are formed after clonal selection of B cells?

A
  1. Plasma cells that secrete antibodies
  2. Memory B cells (can quickly proliferate and differentiate into plasmocytes)
59
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein produced by plasmocytes that combine with epitope on antigen that destroys it
Also called immunoglobulin

60
Q

What are 5 the actions of antibodies?

A
  1. Neutralizing antigen (prevents attachment of virus to cell)
  2. Immobilizing bacteria (causes cilia or flagella of bacteria to lose their motility, limits spread)
  3. Agglutination and precipitating antigen(multiple antigen can clump together and phagocytes ingest faster)
  4. Activating complement
  5. Enhance phagocytes
61
Q

Classes of immunoglobulins

A
  • IgG (most abundant, 2 antigen binding sites, can cross placenta and gives protection to newborns)
  • IgA (found in sweat, saliva, tears, mucous, breast milk, has 4 binding sites)
  • IgM (cause agglutination and lysis of microbes, has 10 binding sites, can’t cross the placenta)
  • IgD (act as antigen receptors on surface if B cells)
  • IgE (responsible for allergic reactions, found on mast cells and basophils)
62
Q

What is the complement system?

A
  • Defensive system made of 30 proteins, produced by liver
  • Destroying microbes by phagocytosis, cytolysis, inflammation.
63
Q

What is naturally acquired active/ passive immunity?

A
  • Active—>When body forms antibodies after antigen have entered naturally
  • Passive —> IgG antibodies pass from mom to baby through placenta or breast milk
64
Q

What are artificially acquired active/ passive immunity?

A
  • Active—> vaccines that lead to formation of memory cells after stimulation of cell mediate response
  • Passive—> temporary intravenous injection of immunoglobulins (made by another person or animal than added in me)
65
Q

What’s is self recognition?

A

When T cell need to be able to recognize your own MHC proteins

66
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

When T cells or B cells don’t react to peptide fragments from own proteins

67
Q

What is positive selection?

A

Removal of T cells that do not recognize self MHC molecules
- Occurs to pre T cells in thymus

68
Q

What is negative selection?

A

-In thymus T cells that do not respond to self antigens can survive
- Deletion (self reactive T cells undergo apoptosis and die)
- Anergy (they remain alive but unresponsive to antigenic stimulation)

BIOL 1190 (1 decks)

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