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Immunology > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

How is the lymphatic system closely associated with the cardiovascular system?

A

Lymphatic system includes a network of vessels that assist in circulating body fluids

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2
Q

Why do lymph enter lymph nodes?

A

Purifies and remove toxins in lymph so these aren’t present in interstitial fluid when returned back to cardiovascular system

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3
Q

What cations are found in the body fluid?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

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4
Q

What anions are present in the body fluid?

A

Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4^2-, SO4^2-

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5
Q

Main cation and anion found in ECF?

A

Na+

Cl-

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6
Q

Main cation and anion in ICF?

A

K+

HPO4^2-

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7
Q

What makes up ECF?

A

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

What makes up ICF?

A

Intracellular fluid

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9
Q

What do lymphatic vessels transport?

A

Excess interstitial fluid in most tissues and return it to blood system

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10
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries called?

A

Lacteals

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11
Q

Where are lacteals found?

A

Lining of small intestine at centre of each villus

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12
Q

What do lacteals in the small intestine do?

A

Absorb fats

Transport fats to venous circulation

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13
Q

What allows movement of fluid in/out of lacteal capillary

A

Fenestrations in endothelial cells of lacteal

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14
Q

How is lymph moved?

A

Smooth muscle action
Valves
Compression due to skeletal muscle contraction
Arterial pulsation

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15
Q

What are special about lymphatic capillaries?

A

They have valves

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16
Q

Abundance of leukocytes (most abundant to least abundant)

A 
Neutrophils 
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
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17
Q

What releases pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

Macrophages

T helper cells

18
Q

Components of the innate immune system

A

Inflammation
interferon
Complement system
Natural Killer cells

19
Q

What activates acute phase proteins in the innate response?

A

Cytokines released by macrophages- IL-6

20
Q

What stimulates natural killer cells?

A

Type 1 Interferons- IFN alpha and IFN beta

IL-12 released by macrophages

21
Q

Why is it good that MHC genes are polymorphic?

A

Able to identify a range of genes

22
Q

What do lymphocytes originate from?

A

Progenitor lymphoid stem cell in the bone marrow

23
Q

During B cell development what are the B cell surface markers called?

A

Clusters of differentiation (CD)

24
Q

What are clusters of differentiation (CD)?

A

Most= proteins
Include cell surface receptors, cell signalling and adhesion molecules
range from CD1-371
Useful in identifyting types of leukocytes
CD number tells us what stage of maturation B/T cell is at

25
Q

Where are CD3 found on?

A

T cells

26
Q

Where are CD19 found on?

A

B cells

27
Q

How do CDs show us stage of development of B/T cells

A

CD1 found on thymocytes(immune cell in thymus before It becomes a T cell) but not on mature T cells

28
Q

Where are CD22 found on?

A

Mature B cells

29
Q

What happens when B cell binds to antigen?

A 
B cell engulfs and phagocytoses pathogen
(process of phagocytosis)
Pathogen is chooped up by phagolysosomes
Antigens are loaded onto MHC II in the phagolysosome 
Activates CD4+ T helper cells
30
Q

WHere is CD10 found?

A

Germinal centre of lymph node

31
Q

CD38

A

plasma cells

32
Q

CD4

A

T helper cells

33
Q

CD8

A

Cytotoxic T cells

34
Q

CD16, CD56

A

Natural killer cells

35
Q

Antigen route in lymph node

A

APC and antigen enter lymph node through afferent vessel
Dendritic cell in paracrotex processes antigen in paracortex
Dendritic cell APC activate antigen specific T helper cells
T helper cell activates B cells
B cells proliferate
T and B cells migrate to primary follicle in cortex and interact with follicular dendritic cells
In secondary follicle- germinal centre= b cell proliferates and produces antibody making plasma cells

36
Q

What does the white pulp of the spleen consist of?

A

Primary follicle
Marginal zone
PALS

37
Q

What is the marginal zone?

A

Edge of PALS

has B cells and primary follicles

38
Q

Antigen route in spleen

A

Antigen enters spleen via splenic artery
Antigen captured by dendritic cell in marginal zone
Dendritic cell APC moves to PALS where T cells are
Dendritic APC cell activates T cell (costimulation=B7,CD28, Cytokines)
Activated T helper cell activates B cell
Activated B and T cells move to primary follicle in marginal zone
Secondary follicle made= germinal centre

39
Q

What happens in medulla of thymus?

A 
VDJ recombo (somatic recombination) of TCR
T cell develops CDs (cell surface markers (CD4+ and CD8+)
40
Q

What is central immune tolerance?

A

Key role of thymus (and bone marrow)
In thymus if T cell recognises self antigen= apoptosis of these cells= clonal deletion to prevent automminuty
In thymus cortex T cells with non functional TCR= removed and cells with functional TCR= selected and moved into thymic medulla (become mature naive T (CD4+/CD8+) cells

41
Q

Order of T cell

A

Progenitor lymphoid cell to progenitor T cell in bone marrow
In thymus= mature naive CD4+/CD8+ T cell (gain TCR via VDJ and CD cell surface markers)
In lymph node= activated CD4+ T hlper cell (when it meets non-infected phagocyte MHC II)
Activated CD8+ T cytotoxic cell (When meets infected phagocyte MHC I)

Immunology (7 decks)

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