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Section 5E Lymphatic System & Neurovascular Supply of the Abdomen > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of lymphatic vessels, from smallest to largest?

A

Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts

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2
Q

What are the 9 lymphatic trunks, and which one is unpaired?

A

8 paired:

  • jugular
  • subclavian
  • bronchomediastinal
  • lumbar

1 unpaired:
- intestinal

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of lymph organs, and their components?

A

2 primary organs: red blood marrow and thymus

5 secondary organs: lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, spleen, intestinal follicle (Peyer’s patches)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid tissue?

A

Diffuse

  • loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibres
  • in most organs of the body (ie: lamina propria in GIT)

Lymphoid follicles

  • solid spherical bodies made of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibres
  • have germinal centres of proliferating B lymphocytes
  • make up part of lymphoid organs
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5
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lymph system?

A

Immunity:

  • lymphocytes are activated by immune responses
  • some lymphoid organs have macrophages

Circulatory:
- transports interstitial fluid back into venous system

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6
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts, and which areas of the body do they drain?

A

Right lymphatic - drains right upper quadrant of the body

Thoracic - drains the rest of the body (left upper quadrant, lower body)

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7
Q

What is the direction of lymph flow through the lymphatic and circulatory systems?

A
  1. interstitial fluid (blood)
  2. lymphatic capillaries (lymph)
  3. lymphatic collecting ducts
  4. lymphatic nodes
  5. lymphatic trunks
  6. lymphatic ducts
  7. subclavian veins into circulatory system
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8
Q

How is lymphatic fluid absorbed from interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries are made up of overlapping endothelial cells that are anchored to surrounding structures by collagen filaments

When interstitial pressure is higher than intercapillary pressure, gaps (mini-valves) open between endothelial cells and allow flow of lymph into lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

Where do lymphatic collecting ducts run?

A

Cutaneous lymphatic collecting ducts run alongside superficial veins (before draining into deep collecting ducts)

Deep collecting ducts run alongside deep arteries

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10
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts drain into the venous system?

A

At the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins (right lymphatic duct into right veins, thoracic duct into left veins)

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11
Q

What is the cisterna chylli?

A

An enlarged area of the thoracic duct, formed by the convergence of the lumbar and intestinal trunks (anterior to L1-2 vertebrae)

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12
Q

Describe the course of the thoracic duct

A
  • 38-45cm long
  • formed by the union of the lumbar and intestinal trunks at L1-2 spinal levels
  • in 50% of people, a cisterna chylli exists (enlargement)
  • ascends through aortic hiatus of diaphragm (T12)
  • ascends through posterior mediastinum
  • drains into junction of left internal jugular and subvlavian veins
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13
Q

Which trunks drain into the right lymphatic duct?

A

The right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal

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14
Q

Which trunks drain into the thoracic duct?

A

Left jugular, left subclavian, left bronchomediastinal, intestinal, right and left lumbar

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15
Q

Which 4 factors enable the flow of lymphatic fluid towards the venous system?

A
  1. rhythmic contractions of smooth m in lymphatic vessels
  2. pulsations of nearby arteries
  3. intermittent pressure on lymphatic vessels from skeletal m contractions and visceral movements
  4. respiratory pump and changes in thoracic cavity pressure
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphoid cells, and their subtypes?

A
  1. lymphocytes
    - T cells
    - B cells
    - natural killer cells
  2. Auxillary cells
    - macrophages
    - dendritic cells
  3. Supporting cells
    - reticular cells
17
Q

What are 3 types of lymphocytes, and their functions?

A

T cells:

  • cell mediated adaptive immunity
  • cytotoxic T cells produce granules that kill damaged or infected cells
  • helper T cells produce cytokines that mediate inflammatory response
  • regulatory T cells modulate immune system and prevent auto-immune disease

B cells:

  • humoral adaptive immunity
  • plasma cells: produce antibodies that stick to antigens on the surface of pathogens
  • memory cells: remember pathogen for future immunity

Natural killer cells:

  • innate non-specific immunity
  • induce apoptosis of virus or cancer infected cells
18
Q

What are the sub-types of T cell lymphocytes and their functions?

A

Cytotoxic T cells:
- produce cytotoxic granules that kill damaged or infected cells

Helper T cells:
- produce cytokines that mediate immune response

Regulatory T cells:
- modulate immune system and prevent auto-immune disease

19
Q

What are the 2 types of B cell lymphocytes, and their function?

A

Plasma cells - produce antibodies that stick to the surface of specific antigens

Memory cells - remember antigens for future immune response

20
Q

What are the 2 types of auxillary immune cells, and their functions?

A

Macrophages:

  • distributed throughout lymphoid organs
  • phagocytosis
  • enhance inflammatory response
  • present antigens to T cells

Dendritic cells:

  • have wispy cellular extensions that capture antigens
  • migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to naive lymphocytes
21
Q

Where are B and T cell lymphocytes produced?

A

Up to adolescence:
- thymus and red bone marrow

All:
- red bone marrow

22
Q

What are the 2 functions of secondary lymph organs?

A
  • lymph filtration (lymph nodes only)

- where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated

23
Q

What are the 3 functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. house lymphocytes and macrophages
  2. site of immune system activation
  3. lymph filtration (lymph nodes only)
24
Q

What is the direction of lymph flow through lymph nodes?

A
  1. enter via afferent lymph vessels
  2. through subscapular sinus
  3. through medullary sinuses
  4. exits via efferent lymph vessels in hilum
25
Q

What are the 4 major anatomical components of a lymph node?

A
  1. dense fibrous outer capsule
  2. cortex: contains germinal centres of proliferating B cells, T cells in transit, and dendritic cells
  3. medulla: medullary cords are thin inward extensions from cortex containing numerous T and B cells
  4. lymph sinuses: subscapular sinus underlying outer fibrous capsule, and medullary sinus draining lymph towards efferent vessels

Section 5E Lymphatic System & Neurovascular Supply of the Abdomen (3 decks)

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