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BIOL 2302 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

Cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

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2
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

The lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid organs

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3
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

return excess fluid to the intracellular space to the venous circulation and serve as the anatomical seat of the immune system

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4
Q

What are lymphatic vessels similar to?

A

Veins

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5
Q

What are the smallest lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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6
Q

When lymphatic capillaries join what are they called?

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels

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7
Q

When lymphatic collecting vessels join what do they form/

A

Lymphatic trunks and ducts

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8
Q

Where do lymphatic trunk empty?

A

venous circulation near the heart

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9
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

blind ended vessels that form networks mirroring the structure of cardiovascular capillaries

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10
Q

What kind of tissue lines the walls of the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelial

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11
Q

What form the simple valves?

A

the cells at the end of the lymphatic capillaries overlap

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12
Q

How do the simple valves open?

A

the hydrostatic pressure from the interstitial space presses on the unarchored portion of teh capillary walls making the valves open

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13
Q

How do the simple valves connect to the surrounding connective tissue?

A

The collagen filaments anchor them there

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14
Q

Where does the excess interstitial fluid flow?

A

Into the capillary and flows away from the blind end

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15
Q

Once the fluid enters the lymphatic vessel what is it called?

A

Lymph

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16
Q

What is lymph’s composition similar to?

A

Plasma with much less protein

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17
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the intestinal mucosa absorb lipid globules

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18
Q

What is chyle?

A

lipid globules suspended in lymph form; a milky fluid

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19
Q

Where is chyle transported?

A

to the venous system

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20
Q

Where are lipids processed?

A

The Liver

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21
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels have the same three tunics as veins.

A

True

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22
Q

Collecting vessels also have valves similar to those in veins?

A

True

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23
Q

How does the transport of lymph operate ?

A

Skeletal Muscle Pump and the Respiratory Pump

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24
Q

Where do lymphatic trunks drain?

A

Lumbar; Bronchomidiastinal; Subclavian; Jugular; Intestinal (all but intestinal trunk are paired)

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25
Q

Where do lymphatic trunks empty into?

A

Two ducts in the thoracic region

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26
Q

What are the two ducts in the thoracic region ?

A

Right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

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27
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

it drains into the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

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28
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

the rest of the body

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29
Q

What is the Cisterna Chyli

A

an enlarged sac where the thoracic duct arises from

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30
Q

Where does each duct empty into?

A

The junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on its side of the body

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31
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

leukocytes; main functional lymphoid cells

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32
Q

What are the lymphocytes divided into?

A

T-lymphocytes & B -lymphocytes

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33
Q

Where do lymphocytes circulate?

A

in lymph

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34
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

in diffuse lymphoid tissues and the walls of the lymphoid organs

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35
Q

What is diffuse lypmhoid tissue composed of?

A

reticular connective tissue ; housing circulating lymphocytes

36
Q

Where are diffuse lymphoid tissue found?

A

every organ

37
Q

What are lymphoid follicles ?

A

spherical collections of lymphoid tissue without a fibrous capsule

38
Q

How are lympoid follicles arranged?

A

around germinal centers containing dendritic cells and lymphocytes

39
Q

What are germinal centers?

A

The site of proliferation of b-lymphocytes during an immune response

40
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes ; spleen ; thymus ; tonsils ; Peyer’s patches ; Appendix

41
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

packets of lymphoid follicles surrounded by a fibrous capsule

42
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

along lymphatic vessels and clustered in the inguinal ; cervical ; and axillary regions

43
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

they act to filter lymph of debris and they house macrophages and lymphocytes that act in immune respones

44
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

they digest debris from lymph

45
Q

Cortex contains ______ while medulla contains _______.

A

Follicles ; medullary cords

46
Q

Why is flow slowed down?

A

Because afferent vessels outnumber efferent vessels

47
Q

What are lymph sinuses ?

A

reticular fibers criss-cross the spaces around the follicles

48
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes predominate?

A

in the cortex and act as sentries for the immune response

49
Q

What happens when B-lymphocytes are activated?

A

they migrate to the medulla and proliferate, and produce plasma cells

50
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes predominate?

A

in the medulla

51
Q

When activated T-lymphocytes do what?

A

circulate continuously between lymphatic; cardiovascular and tissues

52
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

the Spleen

53
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

next to the greater curvature of the stomach

54
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

lymphocyte proliferation and erythrocyte recycling

55
Q

What is white pulp?

A

Lymphocytes suspended on reticular tissue

56
Q

What is red pulp composed of?

A

venous sinuses

57
Q

What perform immune surveillance?

A

lymphocytes and macrophpages

58
Q

What does the spleen store?

A

blood platelets and breakdown products of erythrocytes for recycling

59
Q

Where is the site for erythrocyte production in fetus

A

Spleen

60
Q

What is a bilobed organ that secretes (thymosin and thymopoietin) that cause t lymphocytes to become immunocompetent?

A

Thymus

61
Q

Does the size of the thymus vary with age?

A

yes

62
Q

In infants where is the thymus located?

A

it is found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart

63
Q

Does it increase in size and is most active during childhood?

A

yes

64
Q

Why does the immune system weaken as we get older?

A

Because it stops growing during adolescence and then gradually atrophies

65
Q

How does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs?

A

It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation ; and it does not directly fight antigens

66
Q

What does the stroma of the thymus consist of?

A

Star shaped epithelial cells (not reticular fibers)

67
Q

What do thymocytes do?

A

secrete the hormones that stimulate lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

68
Q

What is the simplest lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils

69
Q

Where are the tonsils locatead?

A

they form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx

70
Q

What are the different types of tonsils?

A

Palatine ; lingual ; pharyngeal ; tubal

71
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity

72
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

they lie at the base of the tongue

73
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

posterior wall of the nasopharynx

74
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils located?

A

surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

75
Q

What do the lymphoid tissue of tonsils contain?

A

Follicles with germinal centers

76
Q

Tonsil masses are not fully encapsulated

A

True

77
Q

How are blind-ended crypts formed?

A

epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates

78
Q

What do the blind -ended crypts do?

A

They trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter

79
Q

Adenoids are a type of tonsil

A

TRUE

80
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue similar to tonsils

81
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine (similar structures are found in the appendix

82
Q

What are the functions of peyers patches and the appendix

A

they destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall. Generate “memory” lymphocytes for long - term immunity

83
Q

Peyer’s patches and tonsils are part of a widespread patter of what?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

84
Q

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) represents what?

A

A first line defense against invasion by bacteria and viruses

85
Q

Where is MALT located?

A

walls of the bronchii

BIOL 2302 (3 decks)

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