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Block 4 Anatomy > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q
  • The Lymphatic System carries out the immune response through a network of lymphatic vessels that collect excess _______ from the body’s interstitial spaces, filters the fluid through lymph nodes then returns it to the bloodstream.
A

fluid (lymph)

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2
Q

Interstitial fluid and lymph are basically the same. After the fluid leaves the _______ then enters lymphatic vessels, it is called ____.

o Lymph is usually transparent, watery & slightly yellow.

A

interstitial spaces

lymph

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3
Q
  • Specialized lymphatic capillaries are _____.
A

lacteals

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4
Q

Lacteals occur in the __________ of the small intestinal lining. They absorb lipids from the intestinal tract.The lymph in lacteals is called _____ and is creamy-white in color due to presence of fat (lipids).

A

fingerlike projections (villi)

chyle

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5
Q

What are the Functions of the Lymphatic System?

A

o 1) Drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces.

o 2) Transports dietary lipids from the GI tract to the blood.

o 3) Protects against invasion through the immune responses.

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6
Q
  • Besides lymph, name some other things that the Lymphatic System consists of.
A

o Lymphatic capillaries
o Lymphatic vessels
o Agranular leukocytes called lymphocytes (the T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells)
o Thymus & spleen
o Lymph nodes
o Lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and appendix)

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7
Q
  • Lymphatic vessels begin as close-ended vessels called _________ in spaces between tissue cells.
A

lymphatic capillaries

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8
Q
  • Lymphatic vessels occur throughout the body alongside arteries (in the ______) or alongside veins (in the _________).
A

viscera

subcutaneous tissue

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9
Q
  • Lymphatic vessels are absent from what?
A
  1. central nervous system
  2. bone marrow
  3. teeth
  4. avascular tissues (cornea, epidermis, hyaline cartilage).
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10
Q
  • Similarities to Veins include:
    o Lymphatic vessel valves are present to prevent the backward flow of _____.
    o Walls of lymphatic vessels consist of the same three _____, but the _____ are thinner and poorly defined in lymphatic vessels.
    o Lymphatic vessels receive nutrients from _______ (vessels of vessels).
A

lymph

tunics, tunics

vasa vasorum

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11
Q
  • Differences to Veins include:
    o Lymphatic vessels are ______
    o Lymphatic vessels have a larger ______.
    o Lymphatic vessels have thinner ______
    o Lymphatic vessels have anchoring filaments; are _______- type fibers extending from the endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries to surrounding tissue space.
    o Ends of the _________ making up the wall of lymphatic capillaries overlap to keep the lymph in.
A
  • Differences to Veins include:
    o Lymphatic vessels are ______
    o Lymphatic vessels have a larger diameter.
    o Lymphatic vessels have thinner tunics
    o Lymphatic vessels have anchoring filaments; are collagenous- type fibers extending from the endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries to surrounding tissue space.
    o Ends of the endothelial cells making up the wall of lymphatic capillaries overlap to keep the lymph in.
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12
Q

The Flow Pattern of Lymph:

A
  1. interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)
  2. lymphatic capillaries (lymph)
  3. lymphatic vessels (lymph)
  4. lymphatic trunks (lymph)
  5. lymphatic ducts (lymph) à subclavian veins (blood plasma)
  6. arteries (blood plasma)
  7. blood capillaries (blood plasma)
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13
Q
  • Lymph passes from lymphatic capillaries into lymphatic vessels which merge to form _________.
A

lymphatic trunks

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14
Q

There are nine major lymphatic trunks.

o They include:

A

lumbar, jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal each of which occurs in pairs (left & right for each side of the body) and a SINGLE intestinal trunk.

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15
Q
  • The nine major trunks pass their lymph into two main channels: ________ aka __________ & __________. From these channels lymph turns into ____________.
A

thoracic duct aka left lymphatic duct & right lymphatic duct.

venous blood

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16
Q
  • The thoracic duct is 15-18” in length.
    o It begins as enlarged region of the lymphatic vessel.
    o _____ + _______ + _______ = enlarged region called cisterna chyli.
A

o Intestinal trunk + right lumbar trunk + left lumbar trunk = enlarged region called cisterna chyli.

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17
Q
  • Right lymphatic duct is ½” in length.
    o Thoracic Duct & Right Lymphatic Duct drains into the _________ at their junctures with the internal jugular veins.
A

left and right subclavian veins

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18
Q

The lymphatic duct empties right where _______ breaks off into the ____ and _____ veins.

A

brachiocephalic

subclavian and internal jugular veins

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19
Q
  • Drainage of right lymphatic duct:
A

o Receives lymph from:

  • Upper right side of the body
  • Right upper limb
  • Right region of the chest
  • Right region of the head
  • Right region of the neck
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20
Q
  • Drainage of thoracic duct:
A

o Receives lymph from:

  • Left side of the head
  • Left side of the neck
  • Left side of the chest
  • Left upper limb
  • The entire body inferior to the ribs
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21
Q

The ______ carries lymph originating in tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the upper body. The smaller right ______ carries lymph from the rest of the body.

A

thoracic duct

lymphatic duct

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22
Q
  • The flow of lymph from tissue spaces is maintained by:
A

o 1) primarily the contraction of skeletal muscles
o 2) one-way valves (similar to those in veins)
o 3) Respiratory pump

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23
Q
  • The primary lymphatic/lymphoid structures of the body are _______ (in flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, and cranial bones and the epiphyses of long bones such as the humerus and femur) and the ______.
A

red bone marrow

thymus gland

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24
Q
  • Red bone marrow and the thymus gland are termed ________ because they produce T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells which are the lymphocytes that carry out immune responses.
A

primary lymphatic structures

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25
Q

The __________ of the body are the lymph nodes, spleen, plus the lymphatic nodules.

A

major secondary lymphatic structures

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26
Q

Most immune responses occur in secondary _________!

A

lymphatic structures

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27
Q

________ Leukocytes – Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, and the natural killer cells)

A

Agranular

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28
Q

______: attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

A

T-cells

29
Q

_______: destroy bacteria (the little structures coming off the _____ are antigen receptors)

A

B-cells

30
Q

_________: attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

A

Natural killer cells

31
Q

The _____ is a 2-lobed gland lying between the sternum and base of the heart in the superior, and a bit of the anterior, mediastinum

A

thymus

32
Q
  • *At 10-12 years old the thymus reaches the maximum size of _____, then slowly atrophies (by age 65, it weighs ~6 grams and is simply a fatty tissue) ** - Its function is also at its max at this age.
  • Note: This is why when you are younger it is easier to fight off infection, bacteria, and disease due to the thymus.
A

40 grams

33
Q

The thymus does NOT provide a filtering function, like lymph nodes, since there are NO _________ leading into the thymus

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

34
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A
  • Function is to promote the maturation of T-lymphocytes/T-cells
35
Q

Each thymus lobule consists of an ____ and a _____.

A

outer cortex and a central medulla

36
Q

Immature ________ migrate via the blood from red bone marrow to the thymus cortex where they multiply and develop into mature _____.

A

T-cells/pre-T-cells

  • Note: T-cells are not functioning yet, they mature at the thymus gland.
37
Q

T-cells migrate into the ______ where they leave the thymus by medullary blood vessels .

A

thymus medulla

38
Q
  • The thymus secretes the hormone ______.

It assists in promoting the proliferation and maturation of T-cells.

A

thymosin

(Thymosin is produced in the medullary region in order to allow T-cells to mature in the thymus gland.)

39
Q
  • The _____ does NOT provide a filtering function, like lymph nodes, since there are NO afferent lymphatic vessels leading into the _____.
A

spleen

40
Q

The _____ blood vessels and ______ vessels pass through the hilum of the spleen.

A

splenic blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

41
Q

The spleen is surrounded by a capsule of _________.

The capsule gives off inward extensions called _______ (or septa).

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

trabeculae

42
Q

Two areas of the spleen:

1) _____ is mostly B-cells arranged around central arteries
2) _____ consists of venous sinuses filled with blood & splenic/Billroth’s cords that lie between the sinuses.

A
  1. white pulp

2. red pulp

43
Q
  • Function of the two areas of the spleen:
    1) _____ is the site of B-cell proliferation into plasma cells
    2) ____ carries out the main function of the spleen which is phagocytosis of bacteria & worn-out or damaged RBCs and platelets.
A
  1. White pulp

2. Red pulp

44
Q

Red pulp also functions as a _______ for blood platelets.

A

reservoir

45
Q

The ______are filled with all sorts of immune structure – T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages.

A

splenic cells

46
Q

What is the main function of the spleen?

A

phagocytosis

47
Q
  • Lymph nodes are small, 0.04-1”, bean-shaped structures located along the length of ________ and embedded in _______. (Normal lymph nodes are up to 1” in size, however lymph nodes fighting off infection are a lot larger.)
A

length of lymphatic vessels and embedded in connective tissue

48
Q

Lymph nodes are scattered throughout the body and heavily concentrated in the _____, _____, and _____gland areas.

A

inguinal, axillary, and mammary gland areas.

49
Q

Lymph nodes are surrounded by a capsule of ______ connective tissue. The capsule gives off inward extensions, like the thymus and spleen, called _______.

A

dense fibrous

trabeculae

50
Q

The trabeculae divide the lymph node into compartments, provide framework support, and convey blood vessels into the interior of a node

They are specialized into two regions: _____ and _____.

A

cortex and medulla

51
Q

The _____ is the outer region of densely packed T-cells and immature B-cells.

A

cortex

52
Q

The _____ is the inner region of mature B-cells.

A

medulla

53
Q

The ______ contain masses of actively proliferating lymphocytes.

A

germinal centers

54
Q

The ______ are thin inward extension, from the cortex toward the hilum, of T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages.

A

medullary cords

55
Q

Basically, how lymph flows through a lymph node:
_______ carry lymph from tissues to the lymph node; the vessels enter the convex side of the node. They contain valves that open toward the node so lymph is directed inward.

_______ carry lymph from the hilum (concave side of the node) to venous circulation. Contain valves that open away from the node to convey lymph out of the node.

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Efferent lymphatic vessels

56
Q

A bit more detailed explanation of how lymph flows through a lymph node:
o Enters lymph node via afferent lymphatic vessels
o Lymph flows through lymph node in a network of sinuses (sinuses are passageways through the cortex and medulla between the medullary cords through which lymph moves toward the hilum)
o From ________sinus – between capsule and cortex
o Through cortex via cortical sinuses
o Through medulla via medullary cords
o Into hilum
o Exit lymph node via efferent lymphatic vessels

A

subscapular

57
Q

There are a lot more afferent vessels coming to lymph nodes compared to the ones leaving (efferent). Why?

A

This will take longer to get fluid out; it gives it a lot longer time for lymph to get cleansed.

58
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A

o ONLY lymphatic tissue that filters lymph, does so by the lymph entering one end of the node and exiting the other end of the node

  • Foreign substances are filtered from the lymph BEFORE the lymph passes back toward the bloodstream
  • Macrophages destroy some foreign substances by phagocytosis while other lymphocytes destroy foreign substances via immune responses.
  • Monocytes can transform into macrophages; their main function is phagocytosis.
  • Plasma cells and T-cells that have proliferated within a lymph node also leave and circulate to other parts of the body
59
Q

ONLY _______ that filters lymph, does so by the lymph entering one end of the node and exiting the other end of the node.

A

lymphatic tissue

60
Q

Foreign substances are filtered from the lymph before or after the lymph passes back toward the bloodstream?

A

BEFORE

61
Q

____________ destroy some foreign substances by phagocytosis while other lymphocytes destroy foreign substances via immune responses.

A

Macrophages

62
Q

_______ can transform into macrophages; their main function is phagocytosis.

A

Monocytes

63
Q

_______ cells and __-cells that have proliferated within a lymph node also leave and circulate to other parts of the body

A

Plasma cells and T-cells

64
Q
  • Lymphatic nodules are NOT surrounded by a _____. They are clusters of lymphocytes that stand guard in all mucous membranes.
  • They protect against bacteria and other pathogens that may enter the GI, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts.

o They are referred to as ______.

A

capsule

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

65
Q
  • An example of Lymphatic nodules: ________

This occurs in mucosa lining the ileum of the small intestine. This contains macrophages that capture and destroy bacteria thereby preventing microbes from breaching the intestinal wall.

A

Peyer’s Patches

66
Q
  • Another example of lymphatic nodules: _______
    They create a ring of lymph tissue around the entrance of the pharynx. They function to gather and remove many pathogens entering the pharynx.
A

Tonsils

67
Q

o Types of tonsils:

  • One __________- embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; mass of lymphatic nodules
  • Two ________ tonsils- lie at the posterior region of the oral cavity
  • Two ________ tonsils- located at the base of the tongue
A

pharyngeal tonsil/ adenoid

palatine

lingual

68
Q
  • Another example of lymphatic nodules: _________
    It contains large groupings of lymphatic nodules. It is located in the lamina propria of mucosa, and, a bit, in submucosa.
A

Appendix

Block 4 Anatomy (3 decks)

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