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Lymphatic System > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system

A

network of vessels that assist in circulating body fluids away from interstitial spaces and into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing agents

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3
Q

Lymphatic pathways

A

Lymphatic capillaries, microscopic closed ended tubes, simple squamous epithelium, interstitial fluid passes through epithelium and into the capillaries.

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4
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

In small intestine absorb fats and transport them to venous circulation

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5
Q

Tissue fluid and Lymph

A

Same composition as blood plasma (nutrients, gases and hormones) but no plasma proteins because they are usually too large to pass through capillaries by filtration.

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Walls are composed of 3 layers; an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers and an outer layer of connective tissue. semilunar valves which help prevent backflow of lymph.

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7
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter foreign particles from lymph before returning it to bloodstream. monitor body fluids for foreign particles, along with bone marrow they are site for lymphocyte production, lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria and parasitic cells that lymphatic vessels bring to nodes, macrophages engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells and cellular debris.

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8
Q

Lymphatic trunks and collecting ducts

A

Lymph enters the venous system and becomes part of plasma before blood returns to right atrium.

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9
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Drains lymph from the intestinal, lumbar, and intercostal trunks, left subclavian left jugular and left bronchomediastinal trunks emptying them into the left subclavian vein near the junction of the left jugular vein.

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10
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Drains fluid from the right jugular, right subclavian and right bronchomediastinal trunks emptying them into the right subclavian vein near the junction of the right jugular vein.

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11
Q

Hilum

A

Portion of a lymph node connected to blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

Lymph nodules

A

Compartments within the node that are partitioned by connective tissue and contain actively lymphocytes and macrophages (structural unit of a lymph node)

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13
Q

Lymph sinuses

A

Spaces in a lymph node providing a complex network of chambers and channels through which lymph circulates.

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14
Q

Cervical region lymph nodes

A

drain the skin of the scalp and face, scalp, nasal passages and pharynx.

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15
Q

Axillary region lymph nodes

A

drain the upper limbs, the wall of the thorax, the mammary glands and the upper wall of abdomen

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16
Q

Supratrochlear region lymph nodes

A

superficially on the medial side of the elbow. Drains hands and forearms

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17
Q

Inguinal region lymph nodes

A

Drain lower limbs, the external genitalia, and the lower abdominal wall.

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18
Q

Pelvic cavity lymph nodes

A

Drain pelvic region

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19
Q

Abdominal cavity lymph nodes

A

Drain abdominal viscera.

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20
Q

Thoracic cavity lymph nodes

A

Drain thoracic viscera and internal wall of the thorax.

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21
Q

Two other lymphatic organs whose functions are similar to those of the lymph nodes

A

Thymus and spleen

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22
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

Thymocytes that mature and leave the thymus and provide immunity.

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23
Q

Thymus

A

Larger in children, shrinks after puberty and is quite small in adults. Lobules contain many lymphocytes (developed in bone marrow) most of which are inactive (thymocytes- some mature into T lymphocytes and leave the thymus)

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24
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ. Blood reservoir houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged red blood cells, and cellular debris from the blood; contains lymphocytes.

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25
Q

Innate defense

A

Include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers ( enzyme action, interferon, and complement), natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever. Respond rapidly.

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26
Q

Adaptive defense

A

More directed responses are carried out by specialized lymphocytes that recognize foreign molecules (nonself antigens) in the body and act against them. Adaptive defense are slower to respond.

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27
Q

Defensins

A

Peptides produced by neutrophils and other types of granular white blood cells in the intestinal epithelium, the urogenital tract, the kidneys, and the skin.

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27
Q

Collectins

A

Proteins that provide broad protection against bacteria, yeasts, and some viruses.

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27
Q

Complement

A

A group of proteins (complement system) in plasma and other body fluids, that interact in a series of reactions or cascade.

28
Q

Mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Formed by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. (Reticuloendothelial system)

30
Q

Species resistance

A

Species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible.

31
Q

Immunity

A

Third line of defense. Based upon the ability to distinguish molecules that are part if the body (self) from those that are not (foreign)

32
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

Skin sloughs off removing superficial bacteria. Mucous membranes lining the passageways of respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

33
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Body fluids contain enzymes and chemicals that degrade pathogens. Stomach- hydrochloric acid and pepsin (protease), tears- lysozyme, skin - salt in sweat, interferons-hormone like peptide produced by cells (lymphocytes and fibroblasts)

34
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Distinct type of lymphocyte that secretes perforins that lyse virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

35
Q

Inflammation

A

A tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues.

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cells in lymph, blood, spleen, liver, or bone marrow engulf foreign material. Injured tissue secretes chemicals that attract phagocytes (chemotaxis), neutrophils engulf smaller particles, monocytes give rise to macrophages which become fixed in tissues or attach to the inner walls of lymph and blood vessels. Engulf large particles

37
Q

Fever

A

Elevated body temperature inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity.

38
Q

Antigens

A

Molecules that elicit an immune response.

39
Q

Hapten

A

A smaller molecule that cannot by itself stimulate an immune response combines with a larger one, which makes it able to do so.

40
Q

B lymphocytes or B cells

A

Humoral immune response

41
Q

Clone

A

Genetically identical cells originating from division of a single cell.

42
Q

Antigen presenting cell

A

Accessory cell, macrophages, B cells, and several other cell types can be antigen-presenting cells.

43
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

A

Antigens that help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self. Class I MHC antigens are in cell membranes of all body cells except red blood cells. Class II MHC antigens are on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells.

44
Q

Cellular immune response

A

Activated T cells that interact directly with the antigen presenting cell.

45
Q

Cytokines

A

T cells (and some macrophages) that synthesize and secrete polypeptides which enhance certain cellular responses to antigens.

46
Q

Colony stimulating factors

A

Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

47
Q

Interferons

A

Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells.

48
Q

Interleukins

A

Control lymphocyte differentiation and growth.

49
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever that accompanies bacterial infection, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation.

50
Q

Helper T cell

A

Releases cytokines that cause the B cell to proliferate. (Clones)

51
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Attack cancer cells and cells infected with virus that have non-self antigens on their surface. Becomes activated when antigen receptor on T cell binds to antigen. T cell proliferates into clone cells. T cells bind to antigen and release perforin ( protein that cuts holes in the tumor or virally infected cells)

52
Q

Memory T cells

A

Provide for future immune protection.

53
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce and secrete large globular proteins

54
Q

Polyclonal response

A

Immune response that may include several types of antibodies manufactured against a single microbe or virus.

56
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A

Defends against bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Activates complement

57
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

Defends against bacteria and viruses

58
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

A

Antigens on RBC’s activates complement

59
Q

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

A

Cell activation

60
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A

Inflammation and allergic response, antibody is attached to mast cells. Binding of antigen causes mast cell to release histamine. Histamine causes inflammation.

61
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Attracting macrophages and neutrophils. Rupturing membranes of foreign cells, altering the molecular structure if viruses.

62
Q

Immune primary response

A

Plasma B cells produce IgM followed by IgG antibodies into the lymph, antibodies are transported into the blood and carried to the site where the antigen resides, production of antibodies continues for several weeks.

63
Q

Immune secondary response

A

Some if the B cell clonal cells differentiate into memory cells. If a subsequent exposure to the same antigen occurs these cells enlarge, proliferate and produce IgG against the antigen. Memory T cells also help to fight the antigen. Infection may not produce symptoms. Follicle cells in lymph nodes can retain B cells for a very ling time.

64
Q

Type I allergic reactions

A

Immediate reaction occurs within 5 min. Inherited tendency to produce too much IgE in response to an antigen ( ex. Bee sting or penicillin) release of histamine, prostaglandin D2 and leukotrienes can produce anaphylactic reaction.

65
Q

Type II allergic reaction

A

Antibody dependent, occurs within a few hrs, antigen to specific cell causing phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis of the antigen (ex. Mismatched blood transfusion)

66
Q

Type III allergic reactions

A

Immune complex reactions

67
Q

Type 4 allergic reactions

A

Delayed reaction allergy- occurs within 48 hrs, sensitization to allergen over repeated exposure activates T cells and macrophages (ex. Poison ivy and cosmetics)

68
Q

Type 5 allergic reactions

A

Transplants- isograft (identical twin), autograft (self), allograft (same species), xenograft (different species)

69
Q

Type 6 allergic reactions

A

Autoimmune disease- antibodies attack their own tissue.

70
Q

CD4 helper T cell

A

Target of HIV

Lymphatic System (1 decks)

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