Lymphatic System Flashcards
Functions (LYMPHATIC SYSTEM)
Fluid Balance
Fat Absorption
Defense
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND VESSELS
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
THORACIC DDUC
tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
(LS)
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
resemble small veins; formed
when lymphatic capillaries join together
Lymphatic Vessels
lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck and chest; empties into the right subclavian vein
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
lymphatic vessels from the rest of
the body; empties into the left subclavian vein
THORACIC DUCT
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Tonsils, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus
consists of many lymphocytes
and other cells, such as macrophages; found within lymphatic organs
LYMPHATIC TISSUE
TONSILS
Palatine, Pharyngeal, Lingual
located on each side of the
posterior opening of the oral cavity; usually referred to as “the tonsils”
PALATINE TONSILS
located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity
(TONSILS)
Pharyngeal Tonsil
enlarged pharyngeal tonsil
ADENOID
on the posterior surface of the
tongue (TONSILS)
Lingual Tonsils
Rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond
LYMPH NODES
dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node
CAPSULE
extensions of the capsule
TRABECULAE
dense aggregations of tissue form from lymphocytes and other cells
LYMPHATIC NODULES
spaces between the lymphatic
tissues that contain macrophages on a network of fibers
Lymphatic Sinuses
lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes
Germinal Centers
• Roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in
the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity
• Has an outer capsule of dense CT and a small
amount of smooth muscle
SPLEEN
divide the spleen into small, interconnected compartments containing 2 specialized
types of lymphatic tissue
Trabeculae
surrounds the arteries within the spleen
WHITE PULP
associated with the veins (spleen)
RED PULP
Bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape
Site for maturation of lymphocytes
THYMUS
thin connective tissue that surrounds each lobe (thymus)
CAPSULE
divide each lobe into lobules (thymus)
trabeculae
dark-staining areas where lymphocytes are
numerous
Cortex
lighter-staining, central portion of the
lobules; has fewer lymphocytes (thymus)
Medulla
The lymphatic system removes fluid from tissues, absorbs fats from the small intestine, and produces
B cells and T cells, which are responsible for much
of immunity.
The ability to resist damage from foreign
substances – such as microorganisms, harmful
chemicals, and internal threats
IMMUNITY
nonspecific resistance; the body
recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but
the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.
INNATE IMMUNITY
specific immunity; the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but
the response to them improves each time the foreign substance is encountered.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance
SPECIFICITY
ability of the adaptive immunity to
“remember” previous encounters with a particular substance
MEMORY
PHYSICAL BARRIERS prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body in two ways:
- Skin and mucous membranes FORM BARRIERS that
prevent their entry - Tears, saliva, and urine WASH these substances from body surfaces
molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
group of approximately 20 proteins found in plasma
complement
are proteins that protect the body against viral infections
interferons
Most important cellular components of immunity
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Important chemicals known to attract WBC:
Complement, Leukotrienes, Kinins, Histamine
movement of WBC toward these chemicals
CHEMOTAXIS
the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes
PHAGOCYTOSIS
small phagocytic cells that are usually the first cells to enter infected tissues
Neutrophils
accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection
PUS
monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold
macrophages
phagocytes ith a single (mono), unlobed nucleus
MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM
macrophages in the lungs
Dust cells
CELLS OF INFLAMMATION
Basophils
Mast cells
Eosinophils
motile WBCs that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues
BASOPHILS
nonmotile cells in CT, esp. near capillaries
MAST CELLS
produced in red bone marrow; enter the blood, and within a few minutes enter tissues
EOSINOPHILS
Type of lymphocyte produced in RBM, account up to
15% of lymphocytes
Recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells in general; causes these cells to lyse
Natural Killer Cells
confined to a specific area of the body (inflammatory response)
Local Inflammation
Symptoms of local inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and
loss of function
generally distributed throughout the body (inflammatory response)
Systemic Inflammation
symptoms of systemic inflammation
increase in neutrophil numbers
fever
shock
substances that stimulate adaptive
immune responses
ANTIGENS
introduced from outside the body (Ex: bacteria, viruses, chemicals released by microorganisms)
FOREIGN ANTIGENS
caused by foreign antigens that produce an overreaction of the immune system
allergic reaction
molecules of the body produces
to stimulate and immune system response (antigens)
Self-Antigens
results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue
Autoimmune Disease
involves proteins called antibodies, which are found in the plasma
ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
lymphocyte that produces antibodies
B cells
involves the actions
of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells
Cell-Mediated Immunity
lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
promote inflammation and phagocytosis
Cytokines
inhibit the activities of both AMI and CMI
HELPER T CELLS
Give rise to all the blood cells
Stem cells
small groups of identical B cells or T cells that are form during embryonic development
Clones
proteins of the lymphocytes
Antigen receptors
antigen receptors on B cells
B cell Receptors
antigen receptors on T cells
T-cell receptors
glycoproteins that have binding
sites for antigens
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
MOLECULES
achieved by cytokines (regulator of neighboring cells)
COSTIMULATION
is a cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells
Interleukin-1
binds to _________ receptors
and stimulates the helper T cells to divide
interleukin-2
when helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate into cells that produce antibodies
B-cell Proliferation
proteins produced in response to an antigen
Antibodies
part of the antibody that combines with the antigen
VARIABLE REGION
the rest of the antibody
CONSTANT REGION
other name for antibodies
GAMMA GLOBULINS
part of the plasma where antibodies and found
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
What are the effects of antibodies?
Directly inactivate antigens or cause them to clump together
Indirectly destroy antigens by promoting
phagocytosis and inflammation
results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen
PRIMARY RESPONSE
produce antibodies
PLASMA CELLS
responsible of the secondary response
MEMORY B CELLS
occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response
SECONDARY RESPONSE / MEMORY RESPONSE
A function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms inside body cells
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Results from natural exposure to an antigen
Active Natural Immunity
An antigen is deliberately introduced into an
individual to stimulate the immune system
Active Artificial Immunity
Results when antibodies are transferred from a mother to a child across the placenta before birth
Passive Natural Immunity
Transfer of antibodies from an animal to a person
Passive Artificial Immunity
Innate immunity, antibody-mediated immunity, and cell-mediated immunity can function together to
eliminate an antigen
Treats disease by altering immune system function or by directly attacking harmful cells
IMMUNOTHERAPY
