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Lymphatic & Respiratory System > Lymphatic & Respiratory Sys Series > Flashcards

Lymphatic & Respiratory Sys Series Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in

A

Protein

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2
Q

____________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _______________.

A

Collecting Ducts; subclavian veins

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3
Q

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

A

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

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4
Q

The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in

A

the lymphatic tissues.

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5
Q

T cells achieve immunocompetence in

A

The Thymus

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6
Q

Vaccination stimulates

A

artificial active immunity.

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7
Q

Immune surveillance is a process in which ____________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

A

natural killer (NK) cells

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8
Q

Lymphatic vessels recover about ______________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

A

15%

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9
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly

A

helper T cells.

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10
Q

Figure 21.17 pg 833

A

the action of a natural killer cell.

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11
Q

Helper T (TH) cells do not

A

secrete fever-producing chemicals.

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12
Q

_____________________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.

A

Helper T (TH) cells

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13
Q

These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.

A

Granzymes

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14
Q

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by ___________ in a process called _____________.

A

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

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15
Q

All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except

A

cytotoxic T cells.

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16
Q

Removal of the _________________ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.

A

thymus

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17
Q

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

A

lipids

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18
Q

______________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens.

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

A

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.

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20
Q

The ______________ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

A

palantine

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21
Q

All these forces help lymph to flow except

A

the lymphatic node pump.

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22
Q

Most common allergies are the result of

A

type I (acute) hypersensitivity.

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23
Q

_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

A

IgG

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24
Q

A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

A

epitope

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25
Q

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

A

thymus

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26
Q

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ____________.

A

heparin; histamine

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27
Q

Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into

A

plasma cells.

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28
Q

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both

A

secrete granzymes and perforin.

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29
Q

This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.

A

lymph node

30
Q

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

A

T cells

31
Q

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.

A

self-antigens

32
Q

__________ employ a “respiratory burst” to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HClO).

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

Antibodies do not

A

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack.

34
Q

This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.

A

IgA

35
Q

his is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.

A

margination

36
Q

Memory T cells can live up to

A

decades

37
Q

Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n)

A

type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity.

38
Q

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).

A

two

39
Q

________________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

A

interferons

40
Q

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

A

cancer cells

41
Q

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

A

ischemic hypoxia

42
Q

In ___, the lungs are infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

A

tuberculosis

43
Q

Among its other purposes, the Valsalva maneuver is used

A

to aid in defecation and urination.

44
Q

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except

A

the epiglottis

45
Q

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called

A

inspiratory reserve volume

46
Q

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

A

sickle-cell disease

47
Q

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

A

anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

48
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except

A

carbonate.

49
Q

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is

A

emphysema

50
Q

Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?

A

nitrogen

51
Q

This structure is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side.

A

left main bronchus #4 on lungs diagram

52
Q

Compared to any other point on this figure, the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio would be found at point

A

at the apex of the lungs but on the diagram it would be 3 the top pointed part

53
Q

The most numerous cells in the lungs are called

A

dust cells

54
Q

Vital capacity consists of

A

expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

55
Q

The upper respiratory tract extends

A

from the nose through the larynx.

56
Q

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a Good Samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?

A

a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood

57
Q

___ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum.

A

chronic bronchitis

58
Q

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

A

20% to 25%

59
Q

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

A

erythrocyte count

60
Q

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

A

vestibular and vocal ligaments

61
Q

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form.

A

bicarbonate ions

62
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

A

It assists in the synthesis of vasodilators.

63
Q

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid

A

oxygen toxicity

64
Q

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

A

bronchiole diameter

65
Q

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in

A

medulla oblongata

66
Q

The nose is divided into right and left halves termed the

A

nasal fossae

67
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by

A

pulmonary artery

68
Q

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract.

A

goblet cells

69
Q

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

A

Kussmaul respiration

70
Q

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

A

carbonic anhydrase

Lymphatic & Respiratory System (1 decks)

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