Lymphatic & Respiratory Sys Series Flashcards by Evelin Andujar

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in

Protein

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____________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _______________.

Collecting Ducts; subclavian veins

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This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

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The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in

the lymphatic tissues.

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T cells achieve immunocompetence in

The Thymus

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Vaccination stimulates

artificial active immunity.

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Immune surveillance is a process in which ____________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

natural killer (NK) cells

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Lymphatic vessels recover about ______________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

15%

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly

helper T cells.

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Figure 21.17 pg 833

the action of a natural killer cell.

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Helper T (TH) cells do not

secrete fever-producing chemicals.

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_____________________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.

Helper T (TH) cells

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These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.

Granzymes

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Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by ___________ in a process called _____________.

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

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All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except

cytotoxic T cells.

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Removal of the _________________ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.

thymus

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Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

lipids

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______________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens.

Eosinophils

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One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.

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The ______________ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

palantine

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All these forces help lymph to flow except

the lymphatic node pump.

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Most common allergies are the result of

type I (acute) hypersensitivity.

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_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

IgG

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A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

epitope

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This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

thymus

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ____________.

heparin; histamine

Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into

plasma cells.

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both

secrete granzymes and perforin.

This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.

lymph node

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

T cells

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.

self-antigens

__________ employ a "respiratory burst" to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HClO).

Neutrophils

Antibodies do not

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack.

This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.

IgA

his is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.

margination

Memory T cells can live up to

decades

Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n)

type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity.

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).

two

________________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

interferons

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

cancer cells

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

ischemic hypoxia

In ___, the lungs are infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

tuberculosis

Among its other purposes, the Valsalva maneuver is used

to aid in defecation and urination.

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except

the epiglottis

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called

inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

sickle-cell disease

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except

carbonate.

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is

emphysema

Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?

nitrogen

This structure is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side.

left main bronchus #4 on lungs diagram

Compared to any other point on this figure, the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio would be found at point

at the apex of the lungs but on the diagram it would be 3 the top pointed part

The most numerous cells in the lungs are called

dust cells

Vital capacity consists of

expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

The upper respiratory tract extends

from the nose through the larynx.

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a Good Samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?

a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood

___ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum.

chronic bronchitis

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

20% to 25%

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

erythrocyte count

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

vestibular and vocal ligaments

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form.

bicarbonate ions

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

It assists in the synthesis of vasodilators.

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid

oxygen toxicity

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

bronchiole diameter

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in

medulla oblongata

The nose is divided into right and left halves termed the

nasal fossae

Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by

pulmonary artery

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract.

goblet cells

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

Kussmaul respiration

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

carbonic anhydrase