Lymphatic Lecture Flashcards
2 types of immunity
Non specific- present at birth
Specific
Non specific immunity
Not specific recognition of invaders
No memory component
Present at birth
1&2 line of defenses
Specific immunity
Specific recognition of invaders with memory
Uses lymphocytes
Lymphatic system structure
-Lymph
-Lymphatic vessels
-Structures and organs containing lymph
-red bone marrow (lymphocyte production)
Functions of lymphatic system
-Drain excess interstitial fluid
-Transport dietary lipid-by lacteals (like milk) to transport digested fat from intestine into blood
-carry out immune responses
Lymphatic vessels
Spleen-CNS-Red bone marrow
-Begins as lymphatic capillaries
In all body tissue except (Avascular)
-capillaries unite=large lymph vessels
Thinner than veins and have more valves
Lymph passes through…
Lymph nodes
Encapsulated organs with masses of B and T cells
Lymphatic capillaries
-Larger diameter than capillaries
-One way structure
-Allows interstitial fluid to flow in NOT out
-anchoring filaments pull openings wider
- overlapping endo cells act as valves
Lymphatic capillaries in small intestines
Have lacteal for dietary lipid uptake
Differences between interstitial fluid and lymph
Interstitial is between cells
Lymph is in lymph nodes
SAME CHEMICALS IN BOTH
What are lymph trunks
United vessels
Lymph passes through before draining into venous blood
Thoracic duct empties…
Lymphatic duct empties…
Thoracic= left subclavian vein
Lymphatic= right subclavian vein
Amount of body drained by right lymphatic
Drained into what
1/4
Right subclavian vein
How much of body drain into thoracic duct
Drained into what
3/4
Left subclavian vein
Pumps helping venous return
- Skeletal muscle pump-milking
- Respiratory pump- pressure changes during breathing
Formation and flow of lymph
-More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than what is reabsorbed
-Excess fluid drains into lymphatic vessels=lymph
-2 valves
Important function of lymphatic vessels
Return lost plasma proteins to blood stream
Groups of lymphatic tissues/organs
Primary
Secondary
Primary lymphatic organs
What and what they do
-Where stem cells divide and became immunocompetent
-red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphatic organs
Where and what they do
-Where most immune response occurs
-Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
Thymus
Composed of
What it does
-Outer cortex made of lots of T cells
-Immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow where they proliferate and mature
-macrophages clear out dead/dying cells
Medulla
-More mature T cells migrate here
-More epithelial cells and macrophages
What happens to thymus as you age what takes over its it’s functions
Shrinks and replaced with adipose tissue
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes
Location and structures
Along lymphatic vessels
Outer cortex
Inner cortex
Medulla
Functional parts of outer cortex
Outer- lymphatic nodules (B cells) site of plasma cell and memory B cell formation and proliferation
Functional parts of lymph node inner cortex and medulla
Inner- T cells
Medulla- B cells antibody producing plasma cells from cortex and macrophages
Lymph nodes function as a filter.
What do they filter
Foreign substances trapped
Destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes
Spleen
Fun fact
Two parts
Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue
- White pulp
- Red pulp
White pulp
Made of
Lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes and macrophages)
B and T cells carry out immune function
T=directly destroy antigens
B=plasma cells to secrete antibodies
Macrophages destroy antigens by
Phagocytosis
Red pulp made of
Blood filled venous sinuses and splenic cords- RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, Granulocytes
Stuff Red pulp does
1Macrophages remove ruptured, useless blood cells via phago
2store 1/3 of body’s platelet supply
3 production of blood cells during fetal life
Do lymphatic vessels have a capsule?
Where are they thru out body?
Nope
Scattered thru out lamina propria (basement mem) of mucous membranes lining GI, urinary, reproductive tract
Larger lymphatic nodules?
Tonsils, appendix, peters patches in ileum of small intestines
Types of tonsils
What they do
Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
Trap pathogens
Non specific immunity defenses
Skin and mucous membranes
How do skin and mucous mems protect
Physical and chemical barriers
Physical barriers of skin and mucous mems
-Epidermis
-Mucous traps microbes and substances
-nose hairs trap/filter
-cilia trap particles and push them up and out
Fluids of non specific immunity
1st defense
Lacrimal of eyes (tears)
Saliva
Urine
Vaginal secretions, poop, barf
Chem protection of non specific
Sebaceous oil glands secrete sebum
Sweat, Gastric juice , Vag secretions
All acidic
Second line of defense
Internal defenses:
Abtimicrobial proteins
Fever
Natural killer cells
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Interferons
-Second line defense
-Made by lymphocytes, macrophages infected by viruses ONLY
-prevents replication in neighboring uninflected cells
Fever
-Second line of defense
-Induced by pyrogensfrom macrophages in response to pathogens
What does increased body temp do
Stops bacterial growth and increases metabolic rate for faster repair
“Boils” bacteria
Natural killer cells
Versatile
Lymphocyte —not T or B
Kills wide variety of infected/tumor cells
Attack abnormal/unusual body cells
Releases perforin
What is perforin
Released by NK cells
Makes perforations leading to cytolysis
Makes holes in cell- kills it
Phagocytes
-Neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes)
-Migrate to infected area and engulf pathogens
Inflammation
-Non-specific, defensive response to damage
-attempt to dispose microbes
-prevent spread
- prepare site for tissue repair
S/S of inflammation
Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling
Stages of inflammation
1) Vasodilation/ ^Blood vessel permeability
2) migration of phagocytes
3) tissue repair
Vasodilation and increased permeability of BVs
-Increase arterials diameter of arterioles allows more blood flow they area
- increased permeability brings antibodies and clotting factors (normally retained)
Migration of phagocytes
-Depends on chemotaxis
-Neutrophils run early stages but die quick
-monocytes to macrophages- versatile
-tissue repair follows healing
Specific immunity
What cells and function
Always lymphocytes
Always memory component
Fights specific invading agents
Antigens (Ags)
Antigen (Ags)
What are they
Substances recognized as foreign and provoking and immune response
Mostly polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Maturation of T and B cells
(Lymphocytes)
Both devel in pluripotent stem cells orig in Red bone marrow
- B= BONE- develop in RBM
- T= THYMUS- devel from pre-T that migrate from RBM to Thymus
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
CD meaning
Helper- CD4 T cells (helps)
cyto- CD8 T cells (kills)
CD= cluster of differentiation
Antigen receptors
B and T cells
Molecules capable of recognizing specific antigens
Types of specific immunity
- Cell mediated
- Antibody mediated
Cell-mediated specific immunity
-Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
- against intercellular pathogens, cancer cells and foreign transplants
INSIDE CYTOPLASM
Antibody mediated specific immunity
-B cells turn into plasma cells making antibodies or immunoglobulins
-against extracellular pathogens in fluid OUTSIDE of cell
Outside cytoplasm
What do T helper cells do in specific immunity
Do the types of immunity work together
Helper said in both types a specific immunity
Yes they do
Antigens characteristics
-Immunogenicity= provoke immune response
-reactivity= react specifically w/ antibodies it provoked
Epitope
Antigenetic determinant
Trigger response
Lymphocytes make
B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells ( non specific)
B cells make
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
Plasma cells make
Antibody
T cells make
CD4 helper T cells
CD8 cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells make
Active helper- coded
Memory helper- left behind
Cytotoxic T cells
Active cytotoxic
Memory cytotoxic- left behind
Elimination of invaders
Perforin causes cytolysis
Lymphotoxins frag dna in target cells
Major diff btwn T cells and NK cells
T cells have specific receptor for particular microbe
NK cells Kill wide variety of microbe infected cells
Antibodies (ab)
-Can combine with epitope of antigen that triggered production
-glycoprotein=globulin
Classes of antibodies
IgD
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgE
Polypeptide chains of antibody
2 heavy
2 light
2 antigen-binding sites
Antibody actions
Neutralizing antigen
Immobilizing bacteria
Agglutinating/precipitating antigen
Enhancing phagocytosis
Immunological memory
Memory cells
Faster stronger secondary response
