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Lymphatic Lecture > Lymphatic Lecture > Flashcards

Lymphatic Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Non specific- present at birth
Specific

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2
Q

Non specific immunity

A

Not specific recognition of invaders
No memory component
Present at birth
1&2 line of defenses

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3
Q

Specific immunity

A

Specific recognition of invaders with memory
Uses lymphocytes

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4
Q

Lymphatic system structure

A

-Lymph
-Lymphatic vessels
-Structures and organs containing lymph
-red bone marrow (lymphocyte production)

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5
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

-Drain excess interstitial fluid
-Transport dietary lipid-by lacteals (like milk) to transport digested fat from intestine into blood
-carry out immune responses

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Spleen-CNS-Red bone marrow
-Begins as lymphatic capillaries
In all body tissue except (Avascular)
-capillaries unite=large lymph vessels

Thinner than veins and have more valves

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7
Q

Lymph passes through…

A

Lymph nodes
Encapsulated organs with masses of B and T cells

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

-Larger diameter than capillaries
-One way structure
-Allows interstitial fluid to flow in NOT out
-anchoring filaments pull openings wider
- overlapping endo cells act as valves

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries in small intestines

A

Have lacteal for dietary lipid uptake

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10
Q

Differences between interstitial fluid and lymph

A

Interstitial is between cells
Lymph is in lymph nodes

SAME CHEMICALS IN BOTH

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11
Q

What are lymph trunks

A

United vessels
Lymph passes through before draining into venous blood

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12
Q

Thoracic duct empties…
Lymphatic duct empties…

A

Thoracic= left subclavian vein
Lymphatic= right subclavian vein

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13
Q

Amount of body drained by right lymphatic
Drained into what

A

1/4
Right subclavian vein

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14
Q

How much of body drain into thoracic duct
Drained into what

A

3/4
Left subclavian vein

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15
Q

Pumps helping venous return

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump-milking
  2. Respiratory pump- pressure changes during breathing
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16
Q

Formation and flow of lymph

A

-More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than what is reabsorbed
-Excess fluid drains into lymphatic vessels=lymph
-2 valves

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17
Q

Important function of lymphatic vessels

A

Return lost plasma proteins to blood stream

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18
Q

Groups of lymphatic tissues/organs

A

Primary
Secondary

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19
Q

Primary lymphatic organs
What and what they do

A

-Where stem cells divide and became immunocompetent
-red bone marrow and thymus

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20
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs
Where and what they do

A

-Where most immune response occurs
-Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

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21
Q

Thymus
Composed of
What it does

A

-Outer cortex made of lots of T cells
-Immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow where they proliferate and mature
-macrophages clear out dead/dying cells

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22
Q

Medulla

A

-More mature T cells migrate here
-More epithelial cells and macrophages

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23
Q

What happens to thymus as you age what takes over its it’s functions

A

Shrinks and replaced with adipose tissue
Lymph nodes

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24
Q

Lymph nodes
Location and structures

A

Along lymphatic vessels
Outer cortex
Inner cortex
Medulla

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25
Q

Functional parts of outer cortex

A

Outer- lymphatic nodules (B cells) site of plasma cell and memory B cell formation and proliferation

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26
Q

Functional parts of lymph node inner cortex and medulla

A

Inner- T cells
Medulla- B cells antibody producing plasma cells from cortex and macrophages

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27
Q

Lymph nodes function as a filter.
What do they filter

A

Foreign substances trapped
Destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes

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28
Q

Spleen
Fun fact
Two parts

A

Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue

  1. White pulp
  2. Red pulp
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29
Q

White pulp
Made of

A

Lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes and macrophages)
B and T cells carry out immune function
T=directly destroy antigens
B=plasma cells to secrete antibodies

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30
Q

Macrophages destroy antigens by

A

Phagocytosis

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31
Q

Red pulp made of

A

Blood filled venous sinuses and splenic cords- RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, Granulocytes

32
Q

Stuff Red pulp does

A

1Macrophages remove ruptured, useless blood cells via phago
2store 1/3 of body’s platelet supply
3 production of blood cells during fetal life

33
Q

Do lymphatic vessels have a capsule?
Where are they thru out body?

A

Nope
Scattered thru out lamina propria (basement mem) of mucous membranes lining GI, urinary, reproductive tract

34
Q

Larger lymphatic nodules?

A

Tonsils, appendix, peters patches in ileum of small intestines

35
Q

Types of tonsils
What they do

A

Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
Trap pathogens

36
Q

Non specific immunity defenses

A

Skin and mucous membranes

37
Q

How do skin and mucous mems protect

A

Physical and chemical barriers

38
Q

Physical barriers of skin and mucous mems

A

-Epidermis
-Mucous traps microbes and substances
-nose hairs trap/filter
-cilia trap particles and push them up and out

39
Q

Fluids of non specific immunity
1st defense

A

Lacrimal of eyes (tears)
Saliva
Urine
Vaginal secretions, poop, barf

40
Q

Chem protection of non specific

A

Sebaceous oil glands secrete sebum

Sweat, Gastric juice , Vag secretions
All acidic

41
Q

Second line of defense

A

Internal defenses:
Abtimicrobial proteins
Fever
Natural killer cells
Phagocytes
Inflammation

42
Q

Interferons

A

-Second line defense
-Made by lymphocytes, macrophages infected by viruses ONLY
-prevents replication in neighboring uninflected cells

43
Q

Fever

A

-Second line of defense
-Induced by pyrogensfrom macrophages in response to pathogens

44
Q

What does increased body temp do

A

Stops bacterial growth and increases metabolic rate for faster repair
“Boils” bacteria

45
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Versatile
Lymphocyte —not T or B
Kills wide variety of infected/tumor cells
Attack abnormal/unusual body cells
Releases perforin

46
Q

What is perforin

A

Released by NK cells
Makes perforations leading to cytolysis

Makes holes in cell- kills it

47
Q

Phagocytes

A

-Neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes)
-Migrate to infected area and engulf pathogens

48
Q

Inflammation

A

-Non-specific, defensive response to damage
-attempt to dispose microbes
-prevent spread
- prepare site for tissue repair

49
Q

S/S of inflammation

A

Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling

50
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

1) Vasodilation/ ^Blood vessel permeability
2) migration of phagocytes
3) tissue repair

51
Q

Vasodilation and increased permeability of BVs

A

-Increase arterials diameter of arterioles allows more blood flow they area
- increased permeability brings antibodies and clotting factors (normally retained)

52
Q

Migration of phagocytes

A

-Depends on chemotaxis
-Neutrophils run early stages but die quick
-monocytes to macrophages- versatile
-tissue repair follows healing

53
Q

Specific immunity
What cells and function

A

Always lymphocytes
Always memory component
Fights specific invading agents
Antigens (Ags)

54
Q

Antigen (Ags)

What are they

A

Substances recognized as foreign and provoking and immune response

Mostly polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

55
Q

Maturation of T and B cells
(Lymphocytes)

A

Both devel in pluripotent stem cells orig in Red bone marrow
- B= BONE- develop in RBM
- T= THYMUS- devel from pre-T that migrate from RBM to Thymus

56
Q

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
CD meaning

A

Helper- CD4 T cells (helps)
cyto- CD8 T cells (kills)
CD= cluster of differentiation

57
Q

Antigen receptors

A

B and T cells
Molecules capable of recognizing specific antigens

58
Q

Types of specific immunity

A
  1. Cell mediated
  2. Antibody mediated
59
Q

Cell-mediated specific immunity

A

-Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
- against intercellular pathogens, cancer cells and foreign transplants

INSIDE CYTOPLASM

60
Q

Antibody mediated specific immunity

A

-B cells turn into plasma cells making antibodies or immunoglobulins
-against extracellular pathogens in fluid OUTSIDE of cell

Outside cytoplasm

61
Q

What do T helper cells do in specific immunity

Do the types of immunity work together

A

Helper said in both types a specific immunity

Yes they do

62
Q

Antigens characteristics

A

-Immunogenicity= provoke immune response

-reactivity= react specifically w/ antibodies it provoked

63
Q

Epitope

A

Antigenetic determinant

Trigger response

64
Q

Lymphocytes make

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells ( non specific)

65
Q

B cells make

A

Plasma cells
Memory B cells

66
Q

Plasma cells make

A

Antibody

67
Q

T cells make

A

CD4 helper T cells
CD8 cytotoxic T cells

68
Q

Helper T cells make

A

Active helper- coded
Memory helper- left behind

69
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Active cytotoxic
Memory cytotoxic- left behind

70
Q

Elimination of invaders

A

Perforin causes cytolysis
Lymphotoxins frag dna in target cells

71
Q

Major diff btwn T cells and NK cells

A

T cells have specific receptor for particular microbe
NK cells Kill wide variety of microbe infected cells

72
Q

Antibodies (ab)

A

-Can combine with epitope of antigen that triggered production
-glycoprotein=globulin

73
Q

Classes of antibodies

A

IgD
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgE

74
Q

Polypeptide chains of antibody

A

2 heavy
2 light
2 antigen-binding sites

75
Q

Antibody actions

A

Neutralizing antigen
Immobilizing bacteria
Agglutinating/precipitating antigen
Enhancing phagocytosis

76
Q

Immunological memory

A

Memory cells
Faster stronger secondary response

Lymphatic Lecture (1 decks)

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