Lymphatic & immunity

Question 1

What are the 4 parts of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

1. Lymph
2. Vessels that transport lymph
3. Lymphatic tissue
4. Red bone marrow, where stem cells develop in to red blood cells, including lymphocytes

Question 2

What is the structure of lymphatic tissue?

Answer 2

LYMPHOCYTES
- B cells
Mature in the bone marrow

• T cells
  Mature in the thymus

Question 3

What are the 3 types of lymphatic vessels?

Answer 3

• capillaries
• vessels
• nodes

Question 4

What are the lymphatic trunks?

Answer 4

Union of vessels exiting most proximal chain of lymph nodes

Question 5

How does lymph flow around the body?

Answer 5

• skeletal muscle pump

- respiratory pump

Question 6

What are the 2 functional classifications of lymphatic organs?

Answer 6

PRIMARY ORGANS

• immunocompetent
• red bone marrow
• thymus

SECONDARY ORGANS & TISSUES

• immune response
• lymph nodes
• spleen
• lymph nodules (lack capsule)

Question 7

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 7

2 LOBES
- populates secondary lymph organs with T cells

CORTEX

• produces thymus hormones
• T cells, dendritic & macrophages

MEDULLA

• T cells more mature
• thymic (hassal’s corpuscle)

Question 8

Where are the lymph nodes?

Answer 8

• along vessels & scattered throughout the body

groups near surface regions of:

• cervical area
• axillary
• inguinal
• capsule with traneculae
• inner network of reticular fibres & fibroblasts

Question 9

What 2 tissue types are found in the spleen?

Answer 9

HILUS
- passage for splenic artery, vein & efferent vessels

WHITS PULP
- around branches of splenic artery

RED PULP

• blood filled venous sinuses
• strands of splenic tissue

Question 10

What are the lymph nodules?

Answer 10

• mucosa- associated lymph tissue (MALT)
• peyers patches (GIT)
• tonsils

Question 11

PATHOGEN

Answer 11

Disease producing microbe

Question 12

RESISTANCE

Answer 12

Ability to defend against damage or disease

Question 13

SUSCEPTIBILITY

Answer 13

Lack of resistance

Question 14

NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE / INNATE DEFENCES

Answer 14

Provide immediate & general protection

Question 15

SPECIFIC-RESISTANCE / ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 15

Develops in response to a particular invader

Question 16

What are the 1st line of defences?

Answer 16

Primary goal is to prevent organism from entering the body

1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes
3. Secretions

Question 17

What are the 2nd line of defences?

Answer 17

Recognise, neutralise, destroy invaders.

1. Phagocyte cells
   - engulf foreign particles
2. Antimicrobial proteins
   - complement, interferon
3. Inflammatory response

Question 18

What are the cells of the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 18

• natural killer (lymphocyte)
• phagocytes
• neutrophils
• macrophages

Question 19

What are the 5 phases of phagocytosis?

Answer 19

1. Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion
5. Killing

Question 20

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

Answer 20

• redness
• swelling
• heat
• pain
• loss of function

Question 21

What are the stages of inflammatory response?

Answer 21

• vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels
• emigration of phagocytes
• chemotaxis & microbial attack
• tissue repair

Question 22

What inflammatory mediators contribute to the inflammatory response?

Answer 22

• histamine
• prostaglandins
• leukotrines
• compliment (group of plasma proteins)

Question 23

What cells are involved in immunocompetent & where do they mature?

Answer 23

B CELLS

• develop in red bone marrow throughout life
• produces antibodies that are specific for antigens

T CELLS

• mature in the thymus
• antigen receptors
• recognise specific antigens

Question 24

What a the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 24

1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
2. Transports dietary lipids
3. Carries out immune responses