Luther mock Flashcards
DIET OF AUGSBURG
With the important potential accession of Maximilian I under discussion, and with Fredrick of Saxony having a vote, Luther gets a hearing with Cardinal Cajetan in Augsburg rather than Rome. Charles V was elected in 1519. 1518
LEIPZIG DISPUTATION WITH JOHANNES ECK
Compared infamously to Jan Hus.
1519
LUTHER EXCOMMUNICATED
Pope Leo X provisionally excommunicates Luther from the Catholic Church with the bull Exsurge Domine. 1520
LUTHER PUBLISHES THREE GREAT WORKS
The Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, The Liberty of a Christian Man and The Babylonish Captivity of the Church. 1520
DIET OF WORMS
Condemned by Emporer Charles V at the Diet of Worms, and in the resulting edict is proclaimed a heretic and his books are burned. 1521
UNREST IN WITTENBURG
Karlstadt, who was a colleague of Luther’s at Wittenburg too control of the movement, and pushed for faster and more radical change. Karlstadt encouraged smashing idolatries, invited in Zwickan priests (who believed direct revelations from the Holy Ghost, not scripture, was the best authority in theological matters, and in killing the unreligious), and spoke again communion. Luther gave 8 speeches over 8 days to counter these ideas. 1521-22
PUBLICATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT INTO GERMAN
Luther spread the idea of Sola Sciptura, among others, by printing and publication. The German Bible allowed normal people to be more self conscious about their faith, one of Luther’s aims 1522
THE KNIGHTS WAR
At this stage Luther took a pacifist approach, and so refused help from the Imperial Knights, who offered him armed help. Notably the first recognition of authority to Lutheranism. 1523
THE PEASANTS’ WAR
Peasant society was deeply conservative, and 1924 had been astrologically identified as a year of rebellion. This caused tension in the country, as people started to identify Luther’s ideas about spiritual equality with the secular equality they wished for. Following disorder in The Black Forest in June 1924, the revolt started in ernest in March 1925. It spread south, but not to Bavaria as the Duke had ensured fair wages for peasants there (showing the real secular motivations). The peasants targeted nobel estates and church property. 1525
THE TWELVE ARTICLES OF MEMINGTON
The Articles of Memington was a manifesto which laid out the peasants’ grievances- they wanted communities to elect their minister, serfdom to be denounced, peasants’ rights to be restored, and the abolition of unmanageable amounts of rent or labour services. 1525
LUTHER WRITES ADMONITION TO PEACE
In April 1525, Luther wrote Admonition to Peace to pacify the rebels. A month later, when the revolt started to go worse, he condemned the Peasants’ War in Against The Thieving, Murdering Hordes of Peasants, which called on the Princes to defeat them. 1525
BATTLE OF FRANKENHAUSEN
In 1525, taking advantage of the Peasants’ War, radical pastor called Thomas Müntzer who wanted to prepare Germany for the Secong Coming lead a group of peasants against Lutheran Philip of Hesse and Catholic Duke George, lost and was executed. 1525
CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF DESSAU
The Catholic German Princes were made to enforce the Edict of Worms themselves, and so the League of Dessau was created, headed by Duke George of Saxony. This act demonstrated to the Lutherans that force would be needed to protect Lutheranism. The fact that this didn’t happen sooner demonstrated Charles V’s faith in diplomacy and reluctance to arm- he also urged Ferdinand to try to call a General Council of the Church to reform the Catholic Church, and reduce the problem. 1525
THE DIET OF SPEYER
The Diet was a play for time by Charles and Ferdinand while they dealt with the threatened invasion of the Ottomans, and tried to keep on the good side of the Princes, who’s financial backing they needed, and were increasing supportive of Lutheranism. It was conciliatory, and declared each Prince could interpret the declarations of the Diet of Worms how they wished, and church lands taken would remain secularised. This gave Lutheranism a few years to spread safely. 1526
THE CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF TORGAU
In response to the creation of the League of Dessau, the League of Torgau was created to ensure the Diet of Worms would never be enforced. The League included Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony, but had little military backing, so little religious or political influence. 1526
THE SECOND DIET OF SPEYER
Luther’s condemnation of armed resistance meant the years of peace were not used preparing. In 1529 Charles was in the position to demand strict enforcement of the Diet of Worms, having pacified France. Six Princes and fourteen imperial cities issued a Protestation. 1529
THE MARBURG COLLOQUY
This was a meeting between Luther and Zwingli, and attended by other leading Protestants, designed to resign religious differences over the real presence of Christ at Eucharist, and unite the Protestant states politically after the Second Diet of Speyer, run by Philipp of Hessen. Although Luther and Zwingli found agreement on fourteen points, Eucharist kept them divided, and it ended with Luther denouncing Zwingli and his followers as not christian, emphasising prominent Protestant divides. 1529
THE SECOND DIET OF AUGSBURG
The splits among the Protestant groups meant Charles was in a strong position in 1530. Charles wanted support from the German Electors for his brother Ferdinand’s becoming heir to the Imperial throne and military backing for his continuing battle against the Ottoman Turks, so he didn’t want to take too strong a position. Catholic and Protestant theologians were invited, but there was little chance of an agreement. Luther was represented by Melanchthon at the Diet and prepared a confession of belief known as the Confession of Augsburg trying to distinguish Lutheranism from more heretic forms of Protestantism. The Lutherans were given until 1531 to repudiate the views in The Augsburg Confession, but they refused and instead formed the Schmalkalden League. 1530
THE FORMATION OF THE SCHMALKADIC LEAGUE
Initially composed of five Imperial Princes and eleven Imperial cities, lead by Philip of Hesse, they agreed to aid each other and quit membership from all Imperial institutions. At this point Luther started to advocate force as self-defence against unjust institutions. The Empire was now divided into two armed camps. 1531
THE PEACE OF NUREMBURG
The Schmalkaldic League recieved bacing from Francis I of France, who was hoping to cause trouble for Charles V. Charles’s continued problem with the Ottoman Empire meant he had to compromise his position to the Princes again. The Religious Peace of Nuremburg allowed him men and money for the war until the General Council could be called and the situation revised. The fact he didn’t return until 1542 meant Lutheranism had another chance to flourish, and League to become powerful. 1332
THE RESTORATION OF DUKE ULRICH TO HIS LANDS
Proof of the League’s power came in 1534 when Duke Ulrich was restored to his Duchy of Württenberg at the expense of the Habsburgs. This victory encouraged other Princes to join up. 1534
THE WITTENBURG CONCORD
This was a fundamental agreement about the nature of Eucharist, signed by Bucer, Alber and the Lutherans (among others). Bucer later disavowed his subscription to it. The union later collapsed, due to the fact that the Swiss Lutherans refused to sign it. 1536
THE SCHMALKALDEN ARTICLES
The Schalkalden Articles were written up by Luther in preparation for an intended Council of the Church. They were written in strong terms, and the Schmalkaldic League decided not to adopt them after Melanchthon argued they were too divisive. 1537
THE CRISIS IN THE DUCHY OF CLEVES
The death of Duke John meant his son William inherited the Duchy of Cleves, at the same time as he inherited Julich and Berg from his mother. A year later he also laid claim to Guelders. These expansions threatened Habsburg supple routes between Italy and the Netherlands, and so when he married his sister to Henry VIII to form an alliance, and nearly allied to Schmalkalden League, but instead allied with France (Anne of Cleves being unpopular with Henry). He was defeated in 1543. 1539
