Luther mock

Question 1

DIET OF AUGSBURG

Answer 1

With the important potential accession of Maximilian I under discussion, and with Fredrick of Saxony having a vote, Luther gets a hearing with Cardinal Cajetan in Augsburg rather than Rome. Charles V was elected in 1519. 1518

Question 2

LEIPZIG DISPUTATION WITH JOHANNES ECK

Answer 2

Compared infamously to Jan Hus.

1519

Question 3

LUTHER EXCOMMUNICATED

Answer 3

Pope Leo X provisionally excommunicates Luther from the Catholic Church with the bull Exsurge Domine. 1520

Question 4

LUTHER PUBLISHES THREE GREAT WORKS

Answer 4

The Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, The Liberty of a Christian Man and The Babylonish Captivity of the Church. 1520

Question 5

DIET OF WORMS

Answer 5

Condemned by Emporer Charles V at the Diet of Worms, and in the resulting edict is proclaimed a heretic and his books are burned. 1521

Question 6

UNREST IN WITTENBURG

Answer 6

Karlstadt, who was a colleague of Luther’s at Wittenburg too control of the movement, and pushed for faster and more radical change. Karlstadt encouraged smashing idolatries, invited in Zwickan priests (who believed direct revelations from the Holy Ghost, not scripture, was the best authority in theological matters, and in killing the unreligious), and spoke again communion. Luther gave 8 speeches over 8 days to counter these ideas. 1521-22

Question 7

PUBLICATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT INTO GERMAN

Answer 7

Luther spread the idea of Sola Sciptura, among others, by printing and publication. The German Bible allowed normal people to be more self conscious about their faith, one of Luther’s aims 1522

Question 8

THE KNIGHTS WAR

Answer 8

At this stage Luther took a pacifist approach, and so refused help from the Imperial Knights, who offered him armed help. Notably the first recognition of authority to Lutheranism. 1523

Question 9

THE PEASANTS’ WAR

Answer 9

Peasant society was deeply conservative, and 1924 had been astrologically identified as a year of rebellion. This caused tension in the country, as people started to identify Luther’s ideas about spiritual equality with the secular equality they wished for. Following disorder in The Black Forest in June 1924, the revolt started in ernest in March 1925. It spread south, but not to Bavaria as the Duke had ensured fair wages for peasants there (showing the real secular motivations). The peasants targeted nobel estates and church property. 1525

Question 10

THE TWELVE ARTICLES OF MEMINGTON

Answer 10

The Articles of Memington was a manifesto which laid out the peasants’ grievances- they wanted communities to elect their minister, serfdom to be denounced, peasants’ rights to be restored, and the abolition of unmanageable amounts of rent or labour services. 1525

Question 11

LUTHER WRITES ADMONITION TO PEACE

Answer 11

In April 1525, Luther wrote Admonition to Peace to pacify the rebels. A month later, when the revolt started to go worse, he condemned the Peasants’ War in Against The Thieving, Murdering Hordes of Peasants, which called on the Princes to defeat them. 1525

Question 12

BATTLE OF FRANKENHAUSEN

Answer 12

In 1525, taking advantage of the Peasants’ War, radical pastor called Thomas Müntzer who wanted to prepare Germany for the Secong Coming lead a group of peasants against Lutheran Philip of Hesse and Catholic Duke George, lost and was executed. 1525

Question 13

CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF DESSAU

Answer 13

The Catholic German Princes were made to enforce the Edict of Worms themselves, and so the League of Dessau was created, headed by Duke George of Saxony. This act demonstrated to the Lutherans that force would be needed to protect Lutheranism. The fact that this didn’t happen sooner demonstrated Charles V’s faith in diplomacy and reluctance to arm- he also urged Ferdinand to try to call a General Council of the Church to reform the Catholic Church, and reduce the problem. 1525

Question 14

THE DIET OF SPEYER

Answer 14

The Diet was a play for time by Charles and Ferdinand while they dealt with the threatened invasion of the Ottomans, and tried to keep on the good side of the Princes, who’s financial backing they needed, and were increasing supportive of Lutheranism. It was conciliatory, and declared each Prince could interpret the declarations of the Diet of Worms how they wished, and church lands taken would remain secularised. This gave Lutheranism a few years to spread safely. 1526

Question 15

THE CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF TORGAU

Answer 15

In response to the creation of the League of Dessau, the League of Torgau was created to ensure the Diet of Worms would never be enforced. The League included Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony, but had little military backing, so little religious or political influence. 1526

Question 16

THE SECOND DIET OF SPEYER

Answer 16

Luther’s condemnation of armed resistance meant the years of peace were not used preparing. In 1529 Charles was in the position to demand strict enforcement of the Diet of Worms, having pacified France. Six Princes and fourteen imperial cities issued a Protestation. 1529

Question 17

THE MARBURG COLLOQUY

Answer 17

This was a meeting between Luther and Zwingli, and attended by other leading Protestants, designed to resign religious differences over the real presence of Christ at Eucharist, and unite the Protestant states politically after the Second Diet of Speyer, run by Philipp of Hessen. Although Luther and Zwingli found agreement on fourteen points, Eucharist kept them divided, and it ended with Luther denouncing Zwingli and his followers as not christian, emphasising prominent Protestant divides. 1529

Question 18

THE SECOND DIET OF AUGSBURG

Answer 18

The splits among the Protestant groups meant Charles was in a strong position in 1530. Charles wanted support from the German Electors for his brother Ferdinand’s becoming heir to the Imperial throne and military backing for his continuing battle against the Ottoman Turks, so he didn’t want to take too strong a position. Catholic and Protestant theologians were invited, but there was little chance of an agreement. Luther was represented by Melanchthon at the Diet and prepared a confession of belief known as the Confession of Augsburg trying to distinguish Lutheranism from more heretic forms of Protestantism. The Lutherans were given until 1531 to repudiate the views in The Augsburg Confession, but they refused and instead formed the Schmalkalden League. 1530

Question 19

THE FORMATION OF THE SCHMALKADIC LEAGUE

Answer 19

Initially composed of five Imperial Princes and eleven Imperial cities, lead by Philip of Hesse, they agreed to aid each other and quit membership from all Imperial institutions. At this point Luther started to advocate force as self-defence against unjust institutions. The Empire was now divided into two armed camps. 1531

Question 20

THE PEACE OF NUREMBURG

Answer 20

The Schmalkaldic League recieved bacing from Francis I of France, who was hoping to cause trouble for Charles V. Charles’s continued problem with the Ottoman Empire meant he had to compromise his position to the Princes again. The Religious Peace of Nuremburg allowed him men and money for the war until the General Council could be called and the situation revised. The fact he didn’t return until 1542 meant Lutheranism had another chance to flourish, and League to become powerful. 1332

Question 21

THE RESTORATION OF DUKE ULRICH TO HIS LANDS

Answer 21

Proof of the League’s power came in 1534 when Duke Ulrich was restored to his Duchy of Württenberg at the expense of the Habsburgs. This victory encouraged other Princes to join up. 1534

Question 22

THE WITTENBURG CONCORD

Answer 22

This was a fundamental agreement about the nature of Eucharist, signed by Bucer, Alber and the Lutherans (among others). Bucer later disavowed his subscription to it. The union later collapsed, due to the fact that the Swiss Lutherans refused to sign it. 1536

Question 23

THE SCHMALKALDEN ARTICLES

Answer 23

The Schalkalden Articles were written up by Luther in preparation for an intended Council of the Church. They were written in strong terms, and the Schmalkaldic League decided not to adopt them after Melanchthon argued they were too divisive. 1537

Question 24

THE CRISIS IN THE DUCHY OF CLEVES

Answer 24

The death of Duke John meant his son William inherited the Duchy of Cleves, at the same time as he inherited Julich and Berg from his mother. A year later he also laid claim to Guelders. These expansions threatened Habsburg supple routes between Italy and the Netherlands, and so when he married his sister to Henry VIII to form an alliance, and nearly allied to Schmalkalden League, but instead allied with France (Anne of Cleves being unpopular with Henry). He was defeated in 1543. 1539

Question 25

PHILIP OF HESSE AS A BIGAMIST

Answer 25

The scandal of Philip of Hesse’s bigamy caused disaster for the Schmalkalden League, as many refused to serve under him, or Luther who had advocated it. They had to concede moral points to Charles. 1540

Question 26

THE DIET OF REGENSBURG

Answer 26

Charles tried to fell back on reconciliation in 1541, trying to avoid the inevitable war by organising a meeting between Melanchthon and Contarini to discuss matters of faith and come to agreements over them. They did agree of some aspects, which were later disavowed by Luther and the Pope. This made clear that the ideology of reconciliation hadn’t and wouldn’t work.After this Charles spent 12 years in Germany, but failed to push back Protestantism. 1541

Question 27

PEACE WITH FRANCE

Answer 27

The truce with France in 1544 meant Charles had more time and resources to focus on religious issues. 1544

Question 28

CHARLES V’S DIPLOMATIC SUCCESSES

Answer 28

Charles was able to divide the League a little at this point, buying the neutrality of Bavaria and the active service of Maurice of Saxony in return for the Electorship of Saxony, to be won off John Fredrick. 1544-46

Question 29

THE DEATH OF LUTHER

Answer 29

The death of Luther was significant, but not as it would have been a few years earlier, and the Lutheran movement was free to move in its own direction. 1546

Question 30

THE SECOND DIET OF REGENSBURG

Answer 30

Although the pretence of another religious colloquy was kept up, this was to get Maurice and Bavaria on side. 1546

Question 31

THE START OF THE SCHMALKALDIC WAR

Answer 31

The war broke out in Swabia when a united army of several Lutheran Imperial cities occupied the Catholic town of Füssen and made Imperial forces move back. Ferdinand took a neutral position in the war. 1546

Question 32

THE BATTLE OF MÜHLBERG

Answer 32

This was the diffinative batttle of the Schalkaldic War, which did not last long after Charles’s troops came from the Netherlands and Italy. Despite a numerical advantage (80,000 to Charles’s 56,000) Charlles’s troops were far more experienced. Fredrick of Saxony was captured, as was Philip of Hesse, and the League was crushed. 1547

Question 33

THE THIRD DIET OF AUGSBURG AND THE AUGSBURG INTERIM

Answer 33

After the Schmalkaldic was Charles tried to push Protestantism out of Germany with this Interim, but couldn’t remove it at grass-roots level, the way people had lived for 20 years. His plans for strengthening central government put the Princes against him, and the very few concessions to Lutheranism in his Interim meant his demands were ignored. 1547-48

Question 34

NEW LEAGUE OF GERMAN PRINCES FORMED

Answer 34

Within the Habsburg family, Charles V’s attempts to get his son onto the imperial throne after his death, at the expense of Ferdinand, caused rifts. These were used by Maurice of Saxony to form another League army, boosted by French support, to free his father-in-law Philip of Hesse. He gained Madeburg, and Charles fled, leaving his brother to negotiate the Treaty of Passau. 1550-51

Question 35

THE TREATY OF PASSAU

Answer 35

After this victory, in return for his alliance with German Princes, Henry II of France was granted areas of western Germany. The conditions of the Augsburg Interim were cancelled and Lutherans were granted religious freedoms. John Fredrick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse were released. Effectively, Charles V had to give up his religious unity. 1552

Question 36

FERDINAND GAINS POWER OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Answer 36

Ferdinand can be seen to be far more sympathetic to the Lutherans (possibly sercretly Lutheran himself), but at the very least believed that spiritual matters and secular government should remain seperate. His accession lead to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Charles was disenchanted by matters after Mühlberg, but was too low on finances to do much, and there wasn’t much to be done anyway. 1553

Question 37

1555 THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG

Answer 37

The Peace of Augsburg meant Catholicism and Lutheranism could coexist in the Empire, but not other forms of Protestantism. Princes were allowed to choose the religion of the inhabitants of their area, therefore the autonomy of the Princes was recognised. Emigration between area was your way to choose your religion, but in many ways it just recognised the system of the last twenty years. Calvinism, which was in some ways more important internationally that Lutheranism, in France and the Netherlands in particular (and had had a similar triumph of recognition in Geneva that year), was not permitted to be practiced, and the second wave of Protestant reformation (Calvin focused on church organisation and predestination) meant this was only the start of religious wars. The same can said of the more extreme Anabaptists. The Peace was made in september of that year. 1555