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103-theme 1 > lungs and pleura > Flashcards

lungs and pleura Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the thoracic cavity? 3

A
  • left pleural cavity
  • right pleural cavity
  • mediastinum (space between 2 pleural cavities)
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2
Q

what is in the mediastinum?

A
  • heart
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
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3
Q

explain the development of the respiratory system? 6

A
  • 4-6 weeks
  • from endoderm layer
  • endodermal out pouches form lung buds and bronchial buds
  • rapid division of airways
  • lungs push their way into the primitive thoracic cavity
  • they take the lining with them, which becomes the visceral pleura
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4
Q

what is each lung surrounded by?

A
  • 2 layers of pleura
  • visceral
  • parietal
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5
Q

what is the visceral pleura? 3

A
  • closely adheres to lungs including the fissures
  • creates a smooth and slippery surface
  • connects to parietal pleura and hilum(root of lung)
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6
Q

what is the parietal pleura? 5

A
  • lines the internal aspect of the thoracic wall
  • costal- internal rib cage
  • mediastinal- lateral wall of mediastinum
  • diaphragmatic- superior diaphragm
  • cervical- cervical region
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7
Q

what is the pleural cavity? 5

A
  • space between 2 layers of pleura
  • contains a thin layer of serous fluid
  • surface tension holds lungs against the thoracic wall
  • lungs expand as thoracic cavity expands
  • pneumothorax/ haemothorax- surface tension between the pleural layers is lost
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8
Q

explain pleural cavity recesses?

A
  • not symmetrical due to the heart
  • can be occupied by the lung during forced expiration
  • costodiaphragmatic recesses (posterior)
  • costomediastinal recess
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9
Q

explain pleural innervation?

A
  • parietal-
  • cervical- 1st intercostal nerve
  • mediastinal- phrenic nerve
  • costal- intercostal nerve
  • diaphragmatic- lower intercostals and phrenic nerves
  • visceral
  • autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) form pulmonary plexus
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10
Q

describe the left lung? 4

A
  • 2 lobes
  • oblique fissure
  • impression for the heart (cardiac notch)
  • lingula
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11
Q

describe the right lung? 2

A
  • 3 lobes

- horizontal and oblique fissures

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12
Q

what is the pulmonary ligament? 2

A
  • formed from the parietal pleura and hangs inferiorly from the hilum of the lung
  • allows space or the hilum to move up and down with lung movement
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13
Q

explain bronchial circulation? 4

A
  • bronchial arteries supply O2 to the lung and visceral pleura
  • left arteries branch from the descending aorta
  • right arteries branch from the intercostal arteries
  • bronchial veins terminate in the azygos system of the veins
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14
Q

explain lymph drainage of the lungs? 4

A
  • lymph drains towards the hilum
  • bronchopulmonary nodes
  • tracheobronchial nodes
  • paratracheal nodes
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15
Q

explain the innervation of the lungs? 3

A
  • from autonomic
  • sympathetic comes from the sympathetic trunk, causes bronchial musculature to dilate and pulmonary vasculature to constrict
  • parasympathetic comes from the vagus, bronchial musculature constricts and pulmonary vasculature dilates
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16
Q

describe the respiratory tree? 7

A
  • trachea
  • primary/main bronchi
  • secondary/lobar bronchi
  • tertiary/segmental bronchi
  • bronchopulmonary segments
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
17
Q

describe the trachea? 8

A
  • flexible tube
  • C6-T4/5
  • distal to larynx
  • anterior view shows c shaped cartilage rings
  • posterior view shows trachealis muscle
  • bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle
  • lined by mucous membrane and cilia
  • carina separates the trachea into the main bronchi
18
Q

describe the primary bronchi? 4

A
  • one for each lung
  • pass into lung at the hilum
  • right is wider and more vertical, so more unwanted objects pass into the left lung
  • contains cartilage
19
Q

describe the secondary bronchi? 2

A
  • 3 in right lung

- 2 in left

20
Q

describe the tertiary bronchi?

A

each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment

21
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment? 6

A
  • 10 in right
  • 8-10 in left
  • each is supplied by a single tertiary bronchi
  • receives a single branch of pulmonary artery
  • separated by connective tissue
  • surgically resectable/ removable in isolation
22
Q

describe the bronchioles? 3

A

20-25 generations of conducting bronchioles

  • no cartilage in walls
  • terminal gives rise to several generations of respiratory bronchioles which lead to alveoli
23
Q

describe the alveoli? 4

A
  • alveolar ducts are elongated airways lined by alveoli which lead to common spaces called alveolar sacs
  • each is surrounded by capillaries
  • type 1 pneumocytes (95%)
  • type 2 pneumocytes (5%) these secrete pulmonary surfactant which prevents surface tension in alveoli

103-theme 1 (5 decks)

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