Lungs Flashcards by Louise Woods

What are the morphological differences between the lungs?

Right lung

shorter
wider

Right lung: 625gm
Left lung: 565gm

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Where does the apex of each lung sit?

lies in inlet of thorax, 2.5cm above clavicle

- anterior to subclavian a. v.

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What structures run immediately posterior to apex?

sympathetic trunk (medial-lateral)
1st posterior intercostal v.
superior intercostal a.
ascending branch of ventral ramus of 1st thoracic n.

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At what level does the cardiac notch begin?

4th costal cartilage

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At what vertebral level does the posterior border extend between?

C7 - T10

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What are the two lung surfaces called?

Costal surface AND medial surface

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What are the subdivisions of the lung medial surface?

(A) Posterior (or Vertebral)

B) Anterior (or mediastinal

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What structures is the vertebral surface related to?

(a) Vertebrae
(b) Intervertebral Discs
(c) Posterior intercostal vessels
(d) splanchnic n.

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What structures is the left mediastinal surface related to?

HEART 
1. Left ventricle
2. Left auricle
3. Infundibulum
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary Trunk
6. Arch of Aorta
7. Descending thoracic aorta
VESSELS
8. Thoracic Duct
9. Left subclavian a.
10. Esophagus
11. Left brachiocephalic v.
12. Left vagus n.
13. Phrenic nerves
14. Left recurrent laryngeal nerves

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what structures is the right mediastinal surface related to?

right atrium
right auricle
right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
SVC
right brachiocephalic v.
azygos v.
Esophagus
IVC
Trachea
Right vagus n.
right phrenic nerves

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Which lung has two fissures?

right lung

horizontal
oblique

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On which lung is the oblique fissure?

Both

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Describe the position of the oblique fissure?

Passes obliquely downward and forward

Crosses posterior border of lung 6cm below apex.
Crosses inferior border 5cm from medial plane

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What is the position of the horizontal fissure?

passes from the anterior border to oblique fissure

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Which fissures are present on the left lung?

oblique

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which fissure are present on the right lung?

oblique & horizontal

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At what level is the horizontal fissure?

4th costal cartilage

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At what line does the horizontal fissure meet the oblique fissure?

midaxillary line

How many lobes does each lung have?

right - 3 (upper, middle, lower)

left -2 (upper, lower)

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

What is an azygos lobe?

An anatomical variant of the upper lobe of right lung.

What shape are bronchopulmonary segments?

Pyramidal shaped, with apex facing the lung root and base at the pleural surface.

What are the individual respiratory units of the lungs?

Bronchopulmonary segments

What separates bronchopulmonary segments?

connective tissue septa, which is continuous with surface pulmonary pleura

How are bronchopulmonary segments named?

according to the segmental bronchus supplying it

What is the airway distribution to the bronchopulmonary segments.

Each segment is supplied independently by a tertiary bronchus

What is the arterial distribution to the bronchopulmonary segments.

Each segment is supplied independently by a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery.

What is the venous distribution to the bronchopulmonary segments?

Each segment is drained by intersegmental parts of pulmonary veins that lie in intersegmental space.

Why is it not a bronchovascular segment?

because each does not have its own veins.

What is the hilum comprised of?

Structures entering the lung

At what level is the lung hilum?

T5-T7 vertebrae

List the arterial supply to the lungs.

Bronchial arteries - right (1) - left (2) Pulmonary arteries

What is the right bronchial a. origin?

is a branch of 3rd posterior intercostal a.

What is the left bronchial a. origin?

is a branch of the descending thoracic aorta

What do the pulmonary arteries supply?

respiratory part of bronchial tree, via capillary plexus

What do the bronchial arteries supply?

the lung until the beginning of the respiratory bronchiole

List the veins associated with the lungs.

Bronchial Veins - Superifical - deep Pulmonary Veins (4)

What do the superficial bronchial veins supply?

pleura & extrapulmonary bronchi

Where do the superficial bronchial veins terminate?

right - azygos vein | left - left superior intercostal vein

What do the deep bronchial veins supply?

bronchial tree & lung parenchyma

What do the deep bronchial veins terminate?

pulmonary veins

Where are pulmonary plexuses found?

anterior and posterior to structures at hila of the lungs

What nerves from the pulmonary plexuses?

1. cardiac branches of 2-5th thoracic sympathetic ganglia 2. vagus n. 3. cervical sympathetic cardiac nerves. * left additionally receives branches of left recurrent laryngeal n.