Lungs

Question 1

What are the morphological differences between the lungs?

Answer 1

Right lung

• shorter
• wider

Right lung: 625gm
Left lung: 565gm

Question 2

Where does the apex of each lung sit?

Answer 2

lies in inlet of thorax, 2.5cm above clavicle

- anterior to subclavian a. v.

Question 3

What structures run immediately posterior to apex?

Answer 3

sympathetic trunk (medial-lateral)
1st posterior intercostal v.
superior intercostal a.
ascending branch of ventral ramus of 1st thoracic n.

Question 4

At what level does the cardiac notch begin?

Answer 4

4th costal cartilage

Question 5

At what vertebral level does the posterior border extend between?

Answer 5

C7 - T10

Question 6

What are the two lung surfaces called?

Answer 6

Costal surface AND medial surface

Question 7

What are the subdivisions of the lung medial surface?

Answer 7

(A) Posterior (or Vertebral)

B) Anterior (or mediastinal

Question 8

What structures is the vertebral surface related to?

Answer 8

(a) Vertebrae
(b) Intervertebral Discs
(c) Posterior intercostal vessels
(d) splanchnic n.

Question 9

What structures is the left mediastinal surface related to?

Answer 9

HEART 
1. Left ventricle
2. Left auricle
3. Infundibulum
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary Trunk
6. Arch of Aorta
7. Descending thoracic aorta
VESSELS
8. Thoracic Duct
9. Left subclavian a.
10. Esophagus
11. Left brachiocephalic v.
12. Left vagus n.
13. Phrenic nerves
14. Left recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 10

what structures is the right mediastinal surface related to?

Answer 10

1. right atrium
2. right auricle
3. right ventricle
4. Pulmonary trunk
5. SVC
6. right brachiocephalic v.
7. azygos v.
8. Esophagus
9. IVC
10. Trachea
11. Right vagus n.
12. right phrenic nerves

Question 11

Which lung has two fissures?

Answer 11

right lung

• horizontal
• oblique

Question 12

On which lung is the oblique fissure?

Answer 12

Both

Question 13

Describe the position of the oblique fissure?

Answer 13

Passes obliquely downward and forward

• Crosses posterior border of lung 6cm below apex.
• Crosses inferior border 5cm from medial plane

Question 14

What is the position of the horizontal fissure?

Answer 14

passes from the anterior border to oblique fissure

Question 15

Which fissures are present on the left lung?

Answer 15

oblique

Question 16

which fissure are present on the right lung?

Answer 16

oblique & horizontal

Question 17

At what level is the horizontal fissure?

Answer 17

4th costal cartilage

Question 18

At what line does the horizontal fissure meet the oblique fissure?

Answer 18

midaxillary line

Question 19

How many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 19

right - 3 (upper, middle, lower)

left -2 (upper, lower)

Question 20

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

Answer 20

10

Question 21

What is an azygos lobe?

Answer 21

An anatomical variant of the upper lobe of right lung.

Question 22

What shape are bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 22

Pyramidal shaped, with apex facing the lung root and base at the pleural surface.

Question 23

What are the individual respiratory units of the lungs?

Answer 23

Bronchopulmonary segments

Question 24

What separates bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 24

connective tissue septa, which is continuous with surface pulmonary pleura

Question 25

How are bronchopulmonary segments named?

Answer 25

according to the segmental bronchus supplying it

Question 26

What is the airway distribution to the bronchopulmonary segments.

Answer 26

Each segment is supplied independently by a tertiary bronchus

Question 27

What is the arterial distribution to the bronchopulmonary segments.

Answer 27

Each segment is supplied independently by a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery.

Question 28

What is the venous distribution to the bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 28

Each segment is drained by intersegmental parts of pulmonary veins that lie in intersegmental space.

Question 29

Why is it not a bronchovascular segment?

Answer 29

because each does not have its own veins.

Question 30

What is the hilum comprised of?

Answer 30

Structures entering the lung

Question 31

At what level is the lung hilum?

Answer 31

T5-T7 vertebrae

Question 32

List the arterial supply to the lungs.

Answer 32

Bronchial arteries
- right (1)
- left (2)
Pulmonary arteries

Question 33

What is the right bronchial a. origin?

Answer 33

is a branch of 3rd posterior intercostal a.

Question 34

What is the left bronchial a. origin?

Answer 34

is a branch of the descending thoracic aorta

Question 35

What do the pulmonary arteries supply?

Answer 35

respiratory part of bronchial tree, via capillary plexus

Question 36

What do the bronchial arteries supply?

Answer 36

the lung until the beginning of the respiratory bronchiole

Question 37

List the veins associated with the lungs.

Answer 37

Bronchial Veins
- Superifical
- deep
Pulmonary Veins (4)

Question 38

What do the superficial bronchial veins supply?

Answer 38

pleura & extrapulmonary bronchi

Question 39

Where do the superficial bronchial veins terminate?

Answer 39

right - azygos vein

left - left superior intercostal vein

Question 40

What do the deep bronchial veins supply?

Answer 40

bronchial tree & lung parenchyma

Question 41

What do the deep bronchial veins terminate?

Answer 41

pulmonary veins

Question 42

Where are pulmonary plexuses found?

Answer 42

anterior and posterior to structures at hila of the lungs

Question 43

What nerves from the pulmonary plexuses?

Answer 43

1. cardiac branches of 2-5th thoracic sympathetic ganglia
2. vagus n.
3. cervical sympathetic cardiac nerves.

• left additionally receives branches of left recurrent laryngeal n.