Lungs!

Question 1

Roles of pulmonary system?

Answer 1

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Regulate pH of blood

Question 2

True or false: the lungs work more quickly than kidneys at changing/regulating pH

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Requirements for pulmonary success

Answer 3

Good ventilation
Good blood flow
High surface area
Match between where air is in lungs and where blood is flowing

Question 4

What are all the components of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Mouth/nose/throat: Cleans, humidifies and warms air
Trachea: smooth muscle to lungs
Bronchii: bifurcations allow for resistance
Lungs: Rt side larger with 3 lobes, left smaller with 2
Account for heart
Mediastinum: Heart, fat and muscles around the lungs

Question 5

How many times to bronchi bifurcate? How much of this is dead space?

Answer 5

Bifurcate 25 times

First 18 are dead space

Question 6

Tell me the components of the lungs

Answer 6

Pleural sac: Made up of CT, filled with pleural fluid
Pleural fluid prevents collapse of alveoli - capillary attraction between alveoli and pleural sac
Hilum: part where bronchii, bvs, nerves and lymph enters
Alveoli

Question 7

Tell me about alveolar anatomy

Answer 7

Single epithelial layer

Some secrete Type II surfactant to prevent collapse of lung

Question 8

Immune mechanisms of the lung?

Answer 8

Lymph has T and B cells (Pleural sac full of that stuff)
Cilia lining bronchioles pushing up toward mouth
Produce mucus to trap garb
Cough reflex to get it out
If too deep or too large, can phagocytose it

Question 9

Anatomy of pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 9

Share a wall with alveoli to allow almost instant gas exchange
Single endothelial cell wall

Question 10

How is capillary size influenced by amount of oxygen in a part of the lungs?

Answer 10

Little O2 = Constriction, nothing there to take
Too much O2 = Constriction, too saturated, don’t need that much
Heart disease = constriction and backs up to heart

Question 11

Are the lungs a low or high pressure system? Why?

Answer 11

Low pressure - prevent blood from seeping out of bvs

Question 12

What muscles are involved with respiration?

Answer 12

Diaphragm - relies on negative pressure upon contraction to draw air in
Accessory muscles (Ribs, neck, shoulders) - can force air out to make (+) pressure

Question 13

Is expiration active or passive?

Answer 13

Passive, bod just equalizing air

Question 14

How does asthma affect the pressure in the lungs?

Answer 14

Obstructed, so must draw in longer and deeper. Lots of negative pressure for long time causing blood to pool and drop in bp in body

Question 15

What’s the respiratory rate for adults? children? infants?

Answer 15

adults: 12- 19cpm
Kids:

Question 16

What’s considered bradypnea? Tachypnea?

Answer 16

Bradypnea 20

Question 17

What natural occurrences can cause tachypnea

Answer 17

Anxiety, fear, heart or respiratory failure

Question 18

What’re the controls for respiration

Answer 18

Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Question 19

Describe autonomic control for respiration. Why is this important

Answer 19

Controlled by medulla. Pace setters tell respiratory muscles to relax or contract
Beware! If prescribing pain meds may cause respiratory arrest if have some other respiratory ailment

Question 20

What does sympathetic control for respiration do?

Answer 20

Tachypnea
Bronchial dilation
Decrease mucus secretion
slight constriction of bvs for increased blood flow

Question 21

What does parasympathetic control for respiration do?

Answer 21

Decrease mucus

Bronchial constriction

Question 22

What part of your brain controls voluntary respiration?

Answer 22

Cortex - overrides autonomic

Question 23

Tell me about central chemoreceptors of resipration

Answer 23

Central will control pH of CSF usually by monitoring amount of CO2 in blood. High CO2 means high acidity. Breathe faster to try to get rid of it

Question 24

Tell me about peripheral chemoreceptors of resipration

Answer 24

Looks at pH, CO2 and O2 concentrations in blood
Mostly O2
If low O2, will increase respiration rate

Question 25

What are the mechanoreceptors for respiration?

Answer 25

Airway and muscles overstretched will make you exhale

Question 26

What are J receptors?

Answer 26

Juxtacapillary receptors on lung periphery that will cause bvs to constrict or relax depending on amount of oxygen ability. Matches them up