Lungs! Flashcards
Roles of pulmonary system?
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Regulate pH of blood
True or false: the lungs work more quickly than kidneys at changing/regulating pH
True
Requirements for pulmonary success
Good ventilation
Good blood flow
High surface area
Match between where air is in lungs and where blood is flowing
What are all the components of the respiratory system?
Mouth/nose/throat: Cleans, humidifies and warms air
Trachea: smooth muscle to lungs
Bronchii: bifurcations allow for resistance
Lungs: Rt side larger with 3 lobes, left smaller with 2
Account for heart
Mediastinum: Heart, fat and muscles around the lungs
How many times to bronchi bifurcate? How much of this is dead space?
Bifurcate 25 times
First 18 are dead space
Tell me the components of the lungs
Pleural sac: Made up of CT, filled with pleural fluid
Pleural fluid prevents collapse of alveoli - capillary attraction between alveoli and pleural sac
Hilum: part where bronchii, bvs, nerves and lymph enters
Alveoli
Tell me about alveolar anatomy
Single epithelial layer
Some secrete Type II surfactant to prevent collapse of lung
Immune mechanisms of the lung?
Lymph has T and B cells (Pleural sac full of that stuff)
Cilia lining bronchioles pushing up toward mouth
Produce mucus to trap garb
Cough reflex to get it out
If too deep or too large, can phagocytose it
Anatomy of pulmonary capillaries?
Share a wall with alveoli to allow almost instant gas exchange
Single endothelial cell wall
How is capillary size influenced by amount of oxygen in a part of the lungs?
Little O2 = Constriction, nothing there to take
Too much O2 = Constriction, too saturated, don’t need that much
Heart disease = constriction and backs up to heart
Are the lungs a low or high pressure system? Why?
Low pressure - prevent blood from seeping out of bvs
What muscles are involved with respiration?
Diaphragm - relies on negative pressure upon contraction to draw air in Accessory muscles (Ribs, neck, shoulders) - can force air out to make (+) pressure
Is expiration active or passive?
Passive, bod just equalizing air
How does asthma affect the pressure in the lungs?
Obstructed, so must draw in longer and deeper. Lots of negative pressure for long time causing blood to pool and drop in bp in body
What’s the respiratory rate for adults? children? infants?
adults: 12- 19cpm
Kids:
What’s considered bradypnea? Tachypnea?
Bradypnea 20
What natural occurrences can cause tachypnea
Anxiety, fear, heart or respiratory failure
What’re the controls for respiration
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Describe autonomic control for respiration. Why is this important
Controlled by medulla. Pace setters tell respiratory muscles to relax or contract
Beware! If prescribing pain meds may cause respiratory arrest if have some other respiratory ailment
What does sympathetic control for respiration do?
Tachypnea
Bronchial dilation
Decrease mucus secretion
slight constriction of bvs for increased blood flow
What does parasympathetic control for respiration do?
Decrease mucus
Bronchial constriction
What part of your brain controls voluntary respiration?
Cortex - overrides autonomic
Tell me about central chemoreceptors of resipration
Central will control pH of CSF usually by monitoring amount of CO2 in blood. High CO2 means high acidity. Breathe faster to try to get rid of it
Tell me about peripheral chemoreceptors of resipration
Looks at pH, CO2 and O2 concentrations in blood
Mostly O2
If low O2, will increase respiration rate
What are the mechanoreceptors for respiration?
Airway and muscles overstretched will make you exhale
What are J receptors?
Juxtacapillary receptors on lung periphery that will cause bvs to constrict or relax depending on amount of oxygen ability. Matches them up
