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Year 8 Science > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that happens in every living cell. It turns chemical energy in food to energy for your body to use (MRS GREN).

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2
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Bunches of tiny air sacs inside your lungs. When you breathe in, they fill with air. They are connected to the bronchioles muscle that helps you inhale and exhale (breathe in and out). This thin, dome-shaped muscle sits below your lungs and heart. It is located at the bottom of your rib cage.

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3
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale and exhale?

A

Inhale: they contract and move the ribs out and up.
Exhale: they relax.

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4
Q

What happens to the ribs when you inhale and exhale?

A

Inhale: they move up and out.
Exhale: they move in and down.

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5
Q

What happens to the diaphragm muscles when you inhale and exhale?

A

Inhale: they contract and move downwards,
Exhale: they relax.

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6
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale and exhale?

A

Inhale: it moves downwards.
Exhale: it moves upwards.

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7
Q

What happens to the volume of the chest when you inhale and exhale?

A

Inhale: volume of chest cavity increases and pressure decreases.
Exhale: volume of chest cavity decreases and pressure increases.

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8
Q

What is the route taken by the inhalation?

A

Mouth, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, blood

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9
Q

How do alveoli adapt to their function?

A

They have a large surface area, they are moist, they have a good blood supply.

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10
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A

The diaphragm moves down and the ribs move up and out increasing the volume of the chest cavity and forcing air in.

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11
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A

The ribs and diaphragm relax, leading to the chest cavity becoming smaller and air leaving the lungs.

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12
Q

What can a person’s lung volume be affected by?

A

Fitness, physical size, whether they suffer asthma or smoking.

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13
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water -light- glucose + oxygen

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14
Q

What do xylem vessels do?

A

They transport water and mineral irons from roots to the stems and leaves in plants.

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15
Q

What do phloem vessels do?

A

They transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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16
Q

Approximately what percentage of nitrogen is inhaled and exhaled?

A

Inhaled = 79% Exhaled = 79%

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17
Q

Approximately what percentage of oxygen is inhaled and exhaled?

A

Inhaled = 21% Exhaled = 16%

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18
Q

Approximately what percentage of carbon dioxide is inhaled and exhaled?

A

Inhaled = 0.4% Exhaled = 4%

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19
Q

Why are alveoli surrounded by blood vessels?

A

It lets the oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse or move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream.

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20
Q

What is the mineral magnesium required for in plants?

A

Production of the chlorophyll.

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21
Q

What is the mineral nitrates required for in plants?

A

Healthy growth and protein synthesis.

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22
Q

What is the mineral phosphates required for in plants?

A

Healthy root growth.

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23
Q

What is the mineral potassium required for in plants?

A

Healthy leaves and flowers.

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24
Q

What is the equation for combustion?

A

fuel + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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25
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that happens in every living cell. It transfers chemical energy in food to energy for your body to use (MRS GREN). When cells release energy from glucose it is called respiration.
26
What is aerobic respiration?
It is when energy is released in the presence of oxygen.
27
What is the equation for respiration and aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
28
What is combustion?
The burning reaction between a fuel and an oxygen. During combustion, heat and light energy are released and carbon dioxide and water are also produced, so combustion is similar to respiration.
29
What does the trachea do?
It transports air into the bronchi from the mouth and nose. It is hard because it is made from rings of cartilage.
30
What does the bronchi/bronchioles do?
Transports air from the trachea to the alveoli. They are smaller versions of the trachea.
31
What do the intercostal muscles do?
They contract to move the ribcage. They are found between the ribs.
32
What does the epiglottis o?
Prevents food from entering the windpipe
33
What does the diaphragm do?
A sheet of muscle that contracts to move the ribcage. It is found beneath the lungs.
34
Where is respiration stored?
If it is not used, it is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver.
35
What is glycogen stored as when it is not needed?
It is stored as body fat.
36
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose —> Lactic Acid
37
What does aerobic respiration do te anaerobic respiration doesn’t?
It uses oxygen, doesn’t use lactic acid and uses more energy.
38
What does anaerobic respiration do that aerobic respiration doesn’t?
It does not use oxygen, less energy is released and produces lactic acid in animals.
39
What does both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration do that is the same?
They release energy, occur in animals and plants and both use glucose.
40
Why do we get cramp when we exercise?
Build up of lactic acid.
41
What is fermentation?
Where anaerobic respiration also occurs in plants and some microorganisms and in some microorganisms ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced instead of lactic acid.
42
How are wine andbeer made by fermentation?
Beer is made by fermenting barley and wine is made by fermenting grapes. In both cases, the yeast ferments sugar into alcohol.
43
What is photosynthesis?
A chemical reaction that uses light energy.
44
What is the order of how photosynthesis is made?
1) Water enters plant through roots. 2) Water travels up the roots through the stem (xylem) to leaves. 3) CO2 enters leaf through stomata. 4) CO2 enters palisade cells. 5) CO2 and water enter chloroplasts within leaves. 6) CO2 and water react in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to give glucose and oxygen.
45
What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
46
What are the things we need to add to make photosynthesis?
Sunlight and chlorophyll.
47
What do we end with when making photosynthesis?
Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).
48
Where do plants make their food?
Palisade cell.
49
Where do plants get their food?
Photosynthesis.
50
What is the green chemical in leaves called?
Chlorophyll.
51
Where does carbon dioxide come from?
The air.
52
What does a plant need to make food?
Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll.
53
Where is chlorophyll found?
In the leaf in the chloroplasts.
54
What is the name for the food that plants make?
Glucose/sugar.
55
What is the job of a leaf?
To photosynthesise which releases energy that plants need to survive. In order to maximise photosynthesis leaves have very special features.
56
How fast can photosynthesis happen?
It depends on the temperature.
57
What gas do plants produce from photosynthesis?
Oxygen.
58
What are the adaptions of a leaf and how does it help photosynthesis?
Large surface area - absorbs as much light as possible as sunlight is needed for photosynthesis. Veins in the leaves - transports sugar and water around. Many of the cells are packed with chloroplasts - contains a light-trapping pigment called chlorophyll to stop the light escaping the leaves as sunlight is needed for photosynthesis. There is a waxy layer on top - stops water being lost from the leaf as water is needed for photosynthesis. They have holes in the leaves called stomata - it allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.
59
How can a scientist tell if a plant is doing photosynthesis or not?
They measure the amount of glucose and oxygen made. They use iodine to test for starch. If there is starch, the iodine will turn from orange to blue/black. If not, it will stay orange.
60
How is the glucose in plants stored?
The plants turn the glucose into starch to store it. If a plant has starch in its leaf it has been doing photosynthesis. If not it won’t have any starch.
61
What is the bronchus?
The extension of the trachea split into the left and right and allows oxygen to reach lungs.
62
What are the adaptions of alveoli?
- Thin moist walls. Moisture helps them to pass across the gas exchange surface. -Large surface area. The greater the surface area the more gas exchange can occur. - Capillaries to take oxygen from the lungs to the blood Capillaries Smallest blood vessels.
63
What happens to our body during inhalation?
- Intercostal muscles contract. - Ribs move up and out. - Diaphragm muscles contract. - Diaphragm lowers. - Volume of the chest increases.
64
What happens to our body during exhalation?
- Intercostal muscles relax. - Ribs move down and in. - Diaphragm muscles relax. - Diaphragm raises. - Volume of the chest decreases.
65
What are some lung diseases?
- Asthma. - Pleurisy. - Tuberculosis. - Lung Cancer.
66
How many ATP are in a glucose molecule?
38 ATP.
67
What does aerobic respiration do that anaerobic respiration doesn't do?
-It produces CO2 and H2O. - It uses oxygen. - It releases more energy, so it can be sustained for prolonged periods of time. - It doesn't produce lactic acid.
68
What is fermentation?
The process of anaerobic respiration. It happens in micro-organisms such as yeast and uni-cellular cells like fungi.
69
What is the release of energy from glucose called?
Respiration.
70
What does the body need a constant supply of energy from digested food?
Because they need to make glucose to react with oxygen, release energy and therefore respirate.
71
Where is energy released in cells?
Mitochondria.
72
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water
73
Why does anaerobic respiration happen?
Because there is not enough oxygen being supplied to respire normally with oxygen. It mostly happens during vigorous exercise, when your body cells do not have enough oxygen.
74
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose --> Lactic Acid + Energy
75
What does anaerobic respiration do that aerobic doesn't do?
-It doesn't need oxygen to produce energy - It produces alcohol fermentation - Less energy is released , so it cannot be sustained for prolonged periods of time. - It produces lactic acid.
76
What is lactic acid?
Acid causes a burning feeling in muscles during exercise. Burning, itching, stinging, redness, or irritation may occur as side effects.
77
What is the equation for fermentation?
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+ Energy)
78
What chemical reaction is respiration similar to?
Combustion. During combustion heat and light energy are released and carbon dioxide and water are produced. Similar to respiration.
79

Year 8 Science (6 decks)

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