Lungs Flashcards
1
Q
The lungs are a pair of respiratory organs situated in
A
Thoracic cavity
2
Q
Right and left lungs are separated by
A
Mediastinum
3
Q
What is the colour of the lungs in the young
A
Brown or Grey
4
Q
In adults they become
A
Mottled black because of inhalation of carbon particles
5
Q
Which lung is heavier
A
Right lung
6
Q
Weight of lungs in males
A
Right 663g ( approximately 700g)
Left 583g
7
Q
Weight of lungs in females
A
Right lung 546g
Left lung 467g
8
Q
Lobes of the right lung
A
Superior
Middle
Inferior
9
Q
What fissure seperates superior love from middle lobe
A
Horizontal fissure
10
Q
What fissure separates the middle lobe from inferior lobe
A
Oblique fissure
11
Q
The left lung has 2 lobes list them
A
Superior
Inferior
12
Q
The left lung only has one fissure
A
Oblique fissure
13
Q
The lung has 3 surfaces , list them
A
Costal
Medial( vertebral and mediastinal)
Diaphragmatic
14
Q
The apex of the lung is located where
A
At the upper end of the lungs
15
Q
The base of the lung rests on
A
The diaphragm
16
Q
The lung has 3 borders they are
A
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
17
Q
Is the apex blunt or sharp
A
Blunt
18
Q
Apex of lung is grooved by what artery
A
Subclavian artery on the medial side and anteriorly
19
Q
Apex of lung is covered by
A
Cervical pleura (suprapleural membrane )
20
Q
Diaphragm separates right lung from what
A
Right love of liver
21
Q
Diaphragm separates left lung from
A
Left lobe of liver
Fundus of stomach
Spleen
22
Q
Is the base concave or convex
A
Concave
23
Q
Anterior border of left lung has a great impression, what is it called
A
Cardiac notch and it is below the level of 4th costal cartilage
24
Q
What forms the cardiac notch
A
The heart that rests near the left lung
25
The costal surface is
Large and convex
26
The costal surface is in contact with what
Costal pleura and overlying thoracic wall
27
Inferior border separates base from
Costal and Medial surfaces
28
Medial surface is divided into
Vertebral surface (posterior)
Mediastinal surface (anterior)
29
Posterior border extends from where
Level of 7th cervical spine to 10th cervical spine
30
The small lobe on the left lung is called
Lingula
31
What covers the lungs
Pleura
32
Pleura is divided into
Parietal pleura (outer)
Visceral pleura(inner)
33
Structures related to mediastinal surface of right lung
Right atrium and auricle
Right ventricle (small part)
SVC
RIght brachiocephalic vein
Azygos vein
Oesophagus
IVC
Trachea
Right vagus nerve
Right phrenic nerve
34
Structures related to mediastinal surface of left lung
Left ventricle
Left auricle
Pulmonary trunk
Arch of aorta
Descending thoracic aorta
Left subclavian artery
Thoracic duct
Oesophagus
Left brachiocephalic vein
Left vagus nerve
Left phrenic nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
35
What is the root of lung
They are formed by structures which either enters or comes out of the lung at the hilum of the lung
36
Contents of the root of right lung
Eparterial bronchus (posteriorly)
Hyparterial bronchus with bronchial vessels (posteriorly )
Posterior pulmonary plexus along its posterior wall
Pulmonary artery in between two bronchi (in the middle)
Superior pulmonary vein (anteriorly)
Inferior pulmonary vein (anteriorly )
Anterior pulmonary plexus
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
37
Contents of root of left lung
Single bronchus with bronchial vessels ( posteriorly)
Post pulmonary plexus along post wall
Pulmonary artery above bronchus (in the middle)
Sup pulmonary vein anteriorly
Inf pulmonary vein anteriorly
Ant pulmonary plexus
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
38
Arterial supply to the right lung
Bronchial artery-- arises 3rd right PST intercostal artery
39
Arterial supply to left lung
2 bronchial arteries--arises from descending thoracic aorta
40
Venous drainage of lungs
Bronchial veins --left and right
41
Left bronchial vein drains into
Accessory hemiazygos vein
42
Right bronchial vein drains into
Azygos vein
43
Explain how deoxygenated blood is brought to the lungs and how oxygenated blood is related to heart
The lungs are supplied with deoxygenated blood by the paired pulmonary arteries. Once the blood has received oxygenation, it leaves the lungs via four pulmonary veins (two for each lung).
44
What kind of anastomosis is between bronchial and pulmonary arteries
Precapillary anastomoses
45
The precapillary anastomoses enlarges when
Either the bronchial or pulmonary arteries is obstructed in disease
46
Greater part of Venous blood is drained by
Pulmonary veins
47
Innervation
Parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve
Sympathetic innervation from 2nd to 5th sympathetic ganglia
Together the PSF and SF form ant and post pulmonary plexuses
48
What are bronchopulmonary segments
It describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.
49
Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
They are 10 in number
A -- Anterior
P--Posterior
A--Anterior
L--Lateral
M--Medial
S--Medial
M--Medial
A--Anterior
L--Lateral
P-- Posterior
3 are in superior lobe
2 are in middle lobe
5 are in posterior lobe
50
Bronchopulmonary segments of left lung
10 in number
A--Apical
P--Posterior
A--Anterior
S--Superior lingular
I--Inferior lingular
S--Superior
M--Medial basal
A--Anterior basal
L--Lateral basal
P--Posterior basal
51
Trachea divides at what level into 2 primary principal bronchi
At the level of the lower border of 4th thoracic vertebra
52
Which primary bronchi is short
Right primary bronchus (2.5cm)
Wide and short
53
Left principal bronchus is how many centimetres
5cm
Longer and narrower
54
The principal bronchus enters lung through hilum and divides into
Secondary lobar bronchi
3 on right
2 on left
55
Each lobar bronchus divides into
Tertiary or Segmental bronchii
56
Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly to form
Small branches called terminal bronchioles
57
Terminal bronchioles divide further into
Respiratory bronchioles
58
Respiratory bronchioles end in
Alveolar ducts
Atria
Air saccules
Pulmonary alveoli
59
Gaseous exchange takes place in
Alveoli
60
What divides trachea into 2 primary bronchi
Carina
61
Clinical questions
...
62
A young boy with sore throat while playing with
small coins, puts 3 coins in his mouth. When asked
by his mother, he takes out two of them, and is not
able to take out one.
•Where is the third coin likely to pass?
•What can be the dangers to the boy?
Since the boy was having sore throat, it is likely
the coin has been inhaled into his respiratory
passages. The coin would pass down the larynx,
trachea, right principal bronchus, as it is in line with
trachea. The coin further descends into lower lobe
bronchus, and into its posterior basal segment. That
segment of the lung would get blocked, causing
respiratory symptoms.
If the coin goes into oropharynx and oesophagus,
it will comfortably travel down whole of digestive
tract and would come out in the faecal matter next
day.
63
A 45-year-old man complained of severe cough, loss
of weight, alteration of his voice. He has been
smoking for last 25 years. Radiograph of the chest
followed by biopsy revealed bronchogenic car
cinoma in the left upper lobe of the lung.
•Where did the cancer cells metastasise?
•What caused alteration of his voice?
The bronchogenic carcinoma spreads to the
bronchomediastinal lymph nodes. The left supraclavicular nodes are also enlarged and palpable; so
these are called ‘sentinal nodes’.
The enlarged bronchomediastinal lymph nodes may exert pressure
on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in the thorax causing alteration of voice.
The cancer of lung is
mostly due to smoking.
64
What is bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a common disease of respiratory system.
It occurs due to bronchospasm
of smooth muscles in the wall of bronchioles.
Patient has difficulty especially during expiration.
It is accompanied by wheezing. Epinephrine, a sympathomimetic drug, relieves the symptoms.
65
What is the most commonest lung disease
Tuberculosis
