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Thorax > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

The lungs are a pair of respiratory organs situated in

A

Thoracic cavity

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2
Q

Right and left lungs are separated by

A

Mediastinum

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3
Q

What is the colour of the lungs in the young

A

Brown or Grey

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4
Q

In adults they become

A

Mottled black because of inhalation of carbon particles

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5
Q

Which lung is heavier

A

Right lung

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6
Q

Weight of lungs in males

A

Right 663g ( approximately 700g)

Left 583g

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7
Q

Weight of lungs in females

A

Right lung 546g

Left lung 467g

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8
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A

Superior

Middle

Inferior

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9
Q

What fissure seperates superior love from middle lobe

A

Horizontal fissure

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10
Q

What fissure separates the middle lobe from inferior lobe

A

Oblique fissure

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11
Q

The left lung has 2 lobes list them

A

Superior

Inferior

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12
Q

The left lung only has one fissure

A

Oblique fissure

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13
Q

The lung has 3 surfaces , list them

A

Costal

Medial( vertebral and mediastinal)

Diaphragmatic

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14
Q

The apex of the lung is located where

A

At the upper end of the lungs

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15
Q

The base of the lung rests on

A

The diaphragm

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16
Q

The lung has 3 borders they are

A

Anterior

Posterior

Inferior

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17
Q

Is the apex blunt or sharp

A

Blunt

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18
Q

Apex of lung is grooved by what artery

A

Subclavian artery on the medial side and anteriorly

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19
Q

Apex of lung is covered by

A

Cervical pleura (suprapleural membrane )

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20
Q

Diaphragm separates right lung from what

A

Right love of liver

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21
Q

Diaphragm separates left lung from

A

Left lobe of liver

Fundus of stomach

Spleen

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22
Q

Is the base concave or convex

A

Concave

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23
Q

Anterior border of left lung has a great impression, what is it called

A

Cardiac notch and it is below the level of 4th costal cartilage

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24
Q

What forms the cardiac notch

A

The heart that rests near the left lung

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25
Q

The costal surface is

A

Large and convex

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26
Q

The costal surface is in contact with what

A

Costal pleura and overlying thoracic wall

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27
Q

Inferior border separates base from

A

Costal and Medial surfaces

28
Q

Medial surface is divided into

A

Vertebral surface (posterior)

Mediastinal surface (anterior)

29
Q

Posterior border extends from where

A

Level of 7th cervical spine to 10th cervical spine

30
Q

The small lobe on the left lung is called

A

Lingula

31
Q

What covers the lungs

A

Pleura

32
Q

Pleura is divided into

A

Parietal pleura (outer)

Visceral pleura(inner)

33
Q

Structures related to mediastinal surface of right lung

A

Right atrium and auricle

Right ventricle (small part)

SVC

RIght brachiocephalic vein

Azygos vein

Oesophagus

IVC

Trachea

Right vagus nerve

Right phrenic nerve

34
Q

Structures related to mediastinal surface of left lung

A

Left ventricle

Left auricle

Pulmonary trunk

Arch of aorta

Descending thoracic aorta

Left subclavian artery

Thoracic duct

Oesophagus

Left brachiocephalic vein

Left vagus nerve

Left phrenic nerve

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

35
Q

What is the root of lung

A

They are formed by structures which either enters or comes out of the lung at the hilum of the lung

36
Q

Contents of the root of right lung

A

Eparterial bronchus (posteriorly)

Hyparterial bronchus with bronchial vessels (posteriorly )

Posterior pulmonary plexus along its posterior wall

Pulmonary artery in between two bronchi (in the middle)

Superior pulmonary vein (anteriorly)

Inferior pulmonary vein (anteriorly )

Anterior pulmonary plexus

Lymph nodes

Lymph vessels

37
Q

Contents of root of left lung

A

Single bronchus with bronchial vessels ( posteriorly)

Post pulmonary plexus along post wall

Pulmonary artery above bronchus (in the middle)

Sup pulmonary vein anteriorly

Inf pulmonary vein anteriorly

Ant pulmonary plexus

Lymph nodes

Lymph vessels

38
Q

Arterial supply to the right lung

A

Bronchial artery– arises 3rd right PST intercostal artery

39
Q

Arterial supply to left lung

A

2 bronchial arteries–arises from descending thoracic aorta

40
Q

Venous drainage of lungs

A

Bronchial veins –left and right

41
Q

Left bronchial vein drains into

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein

42
Q

Right bronchial vein drains into

A

Azygos vein

43
Q

Explain how deoxygenated blood is brought to the lungs and how oxygenated blood is related to heart

A

The lungs are supplied with deoxygenated blood by the pairedpulmonary arteries. Once the blood has received oxygenation, it leaves the lungs via fourpulmonary veins(two for each lung).

44
Q

What kind of anastomosis is between bronchial and pulmonary arteries

A

Precapillary anastomoses

45
Q

The precapillary anastomoses enlarges when

A

Either the bronchial or pulmonary arteries is obstructed in disease

46
Q

Greater part of Venous blood is drained by

A

Pulmonary veins

47
Q

Innervation

A

Parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve

Sympathetic innervation from 2nd to 5th sympathetic ganglia

Together the PSF and SF form ant and post pulmonary plexuses

48
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments

A

It describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.

49
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung

A

They are 10 in number

A – Anterior
P–Posterior
A–Anterior

L–Lateral
M–Medial

S–Medial
M–Medial
A–Anterior
L–Lateral
P– Posterior

3 are in superior lobe
2 are in middle lobe
5 are in posterior lobe

50
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of left lung

A

10 in number

A–Apical
P–Posterior
A–Anterior
S–Superior lingular
I–Inferior lingular

S–Superior
M–Medial basal
A–Anterior basal
L–Lateral basal
P–Posterior basal

51
Q

Trachea divides at what level into 2 primary principal bronchi

A

At the level of the lower border of 4th thoracic vertebra

52
Q

Which primary bronchi is short

A

Right primary bronchus (2.5cm)

Wide and short

53
Q

Left principal bronchus is how many centimetres

A

5cm

Longer and narrower

54
Q

The principal bronchus enters lung through hilum and divides into

A

Secondary lobar bronchi

3 on right

2 on left

55
Q

Each lobar bronchus divides into

A

Tertiary or Segmental bronchii

56
Q

Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly to form

A

Small branches called terminal bronchioles

57
Q

Terminal bronchioles divide further into

A

Respiratory bronchioles

58
Q

Respiratory bronchioles end in

A

Alveolar ducts

Atria

Air saccules

Pulmonary alveoli

59
Q

Gaseous exchange takes place in

A

Alveoli

60
Q

What divides trachea into 2 primary bronchi

A

Carina

61
Q

Clinical questions

A

…

62
Q

A young boy with sore throat while playing with
small coins, puts 3 coins in his mouth. When asked
by his mother, he takes out two of them, and is not
able to take out one.
•Where is the third coin likely to pass?
•What can be the dangers to the boy?

A

Since the boy was having sore throat, it is likely
the coin has been inhaled into his respiratory
passages. The coin would pass down the larynx,
trachea, right principal bronchus, as it is in line with
trachea. The coin further descends into lower lobe
bronchus, and into its posterior basal segment. That
segment of the lung would get blocked, causing
respiratory symptoms.

If the coin goes into oropharynx and oesophagus,
it will comfortably travel down whole of digestive
tract and would come out in the faecal matter next
day.

63
Q

A 45-year-old man complained of severe cough, loss
of weight, alteration of his voice. He has been
smoking for last 25 years. Radiograph of the chest
followed by biopsy revealed bronchogenic car
cinoma in the left upper lobe of the lung.
•Where did the cancer cells metastasise?
•What caused alteration of his voice?

A

The bronchogenic carcinoma spreads to the
bronchomediastinal lymph nodes. The left supraclavicular nodes are also enlarged and palpable; so
these are called ‘sentinal nodes’.

The enlarged bronchomediastinal lymph nodes may exert pressure
on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in the thorax causing alteration of voice.
The cancer of lung is
mostly due to smoking.

64
Q

What is bronchial asthma

A

Bronchial asthma is a common disease of respiratory system.
It occurs due to bronchospasm
of smooth muscles in the wall of bronchioles.
Patient has difficulty especially during expiration.

It is accompanied by wheezing. Epinephrine, a sympathomimetic drug, relieves the symptoms.

65
Q

What is the most commonest lung disease

A

Tuberculosis

Thorax (1 decks)

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