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Thorax > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments aerated by the

A

Tertiary segmental bronchi

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2
Q

Pulmonary venule in bronchopulmonary segment is seen in

A

Intersegmental plane

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3
Q

Apex and base of bronchopulmomary segment directed towards

A

Hilum and surface

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4
Q

Segments of lung surrounded by what type of tissue

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

Well defined surgical functional and anatomical units of lungs

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

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6
Q

Number of pulmonary segments

A

10

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7
Q

Segments of superior lobe of right lung

A

Apical posterior anterior

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8
Q

Difficulty of breathing is also known as

A

Dyspnea

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9
Q

What can relieve bronchial asthma

A

Sympathomimetic drugs

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10
Q

Permanently dilated pulmonary bronchi and bronchioles as a result of chronic necrotising infection

A

Bronchiectasis

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11
Q

What segment becomes filled with pus leading to airway obstruction in bronchiectasis

A

Basal segments of lower lobe

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12
Q

Why is sympathomimetic drugs such as epinephrine used to treat bronchial asthma

A

Vasodilation

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13
Q

Atelectasis meaning

A

Collapse of complete or partial lung

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14
Q

Parasympathetic nerve figures to lungs derived from

A

Vagus nerve

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15
Q

Sympathetic nerve supply to lungs derived from

A

T2 to T5

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16
Q

What does the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibre supply to the lungs

A

Motor supply to bronchial muscles and secretomotor supply to mucous glands of the bronchial tree

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17
Q

Sympathetic fibre function in lung

A

Bronchodilator , vasoconstriction, decreased mucous secretion

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18
Q

What occurs due to bronchospasm

A

Bronchial asthma

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19
Q

Lung cancer spreads by

A

Lymphatic drainage

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20
Q

What does the superficial lymph vessels drain

A

Peripheral lung tissue beneath the visceral pleura

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21
Q

The superficial lymph vessels of lung drain into

A

The Bronchopulmonary (hilar )lymph nodes .
Vessels from the plexus pass around the borders and margins of fissure of lung to reach the hilum where they drain into it

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22
Q

What does the deep lymph vessels drain

A

Bronchial tree , pulmonary vessels , connective tissue septa

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23
Q

Sub pleural plexus is another name of

A

Superficial plexus

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24
Q

The pathway of the deep plexus

A

Run along the bronchi and pulmonary vessels towards the hilum passing through pulmonary lymph nodes (located within the lung substance ) and finally drain into the bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes

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25
Q

What the final drain of the lymphatic system of the lungs

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct (left)

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26
Q

The route of lymphatic system from hilar lymph nodes to

A

Hilar -> superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes ->pre and para tracheal lymph nodes ,right left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk -> right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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27
Q

Tracheobronchial lymph node located at

A

At hilum / superior and inferior to bifurcation of the trachea

28
Q

Principal bronchi attaches lungs to

A

Trachea

29
Q

The lungs are solid and do not crepitate in who and why

A

Foetus and stillborn children , due to absence of air in their alveoli

30
Q

Three borders of the lung

A

Anterior , posterior , inferior

31
Q

Which is thinner out of the margins

A

Anterior margin

32
Q

Apex of the lungs is covered by

A

Cervical and supra-pleural membrane

33
Q

Relations of apex of lungs

A

Anteriorly - subclavian artery , internal thoracic artery , scalenus anterior
Posteriorly - neck of 1st rib and structures in front of it , ventral ramus of first thoracic nerve , first posterior intercostal artery &vein ,sympathetic chain

34
Q

Apex is grooved by what on the medial side and front

A

Subclavian artery

35
Q

All structures related to the apex is separated from it by

A

Supra pleural membrane

36
Q

Pain along medial side of forearm and hand , wasting Of small muscles of hand due to involvement of Ventural ramus. T1
Erosion of first rib
Horners syndrome , sympathetic chain involvement

A

Pancoast syndrome , occurs due to involvement of posterior aspect of apex

37
Q

Cancer of lung may spread to involve the following structures

A

Subclavian or brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian artery
Phrenic nerve

38
Q

Symptoms of cancer of lung spread

A

Venous engorgement and edema of neck ,face , arm (subclavian )
Diminished brachial and/or radial pulse (subclavian artery compression )
Hemidiaphragm paralysis ,due to infiltration of phrenic nerve

39
Q

Relations of the base of the lung

A

Right side - liver separation by the dome of diaphragm
Left side - left dome separates from spleen and fungus

40
Q

Why is the base of the right lung deeper ( more concave )

A

Presence of liver , right dome rises to the more superior level

41
Q

What are the borders of the lungs

A

Inferior - semilunar shape and separates the costal and medical surfaces
Anterior -thin and shorter than the posterior border
Vertical in right lung , cardiac notch in left lung
Posterior - thick and rounded , extends from spine of C7 vertebra to the spine of T10 vertebra

42
Q

Area of superficial cardiac dullness can be found

A

Cardiac notch , where heart and pericardium is uncovered by the lung

43
Q

Where is the tongue shaped projection called lingual found

A

Below the cardiac notch

44
Q

Arrangement of structures in the root of the lung from before backwards

A

Pulmonary vein , artery and bronchus (left principal bronchus on left side , partial and hyper partial bronchus on the right side )
VAB

45
Q

Arrangement of structures in the root of lungs from above downwards

A

Right side - eparterial bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Hyparterial bronchus
Inferior pulmonary vein
Left side - pulmonary artery
Left principal bronchus
Inferior pulmonary vein

46
Q

Which principal bronchus divides into two lobar bronchi before entering the hilum and name the branches

A

Right principal bronchus ,
Upper lobar bronchus /eparterial bronchus
Lower /hyparterial bronchus

47
Q

The costal surface is covered by what

A

Costal pleura and endothoracic fascia

48
Q

Relations of the costal surface

A

Related to the lateral thoracic wall. Number of ribs -upper 6ribs in midclavicualr line
Upper 8ribs in midaxillary line
Upper 10 ribs in scapular line

49
Q

Divisions of the medial surface of the lung

A

Small posterior vertebral part
Large anterior mediastinal part

50
Q

Relations of the medial surface of the lung

A

Vertebral part to vertebral colum ,
Posterior intercostal vessels
Greater and lesser splanchic nerves

51
Q

Structures forming the right surface of the mediastinum

A

Right atrium
Superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein
Behind these are trachea and esophagus
The azygos vein
Three neural structures

52
Q

What is the course of azygos vein

A

Runs upwards along th side of the vertebra, colum and arches over the roof of right lung to terminate into the superior vena cava

53
Q

What are the three neural structures in the right surface of mediastinum

A

Right phrenic nerve
Right vagus nerve
Right sympathetic nerve

54
Q

The course of the phrenic nerve in front of the root of the lung

A

Run to the diaphragm
Passing through 3 venous structures (superior vena cava {uppermost’}, right atrium and inferior vena cava )

55
Q

The vagus nerve in the right lung

A

Lies right side of the trachea ,and travels behind the lung root . Here is breaks up into branches to take part posterior pulmonary and esophageal plexus

56
Q

The course of the sympathetic trunk

A

Runs in the para vertebral gutter . Splanchnic nerves leave in the lower half , run medically and pierce the crurq of diaphragm to reach abdomen

57
Q

Structures forming left surface of the mediastinum

A

Left ventricle
Aorta
Three great vessels (brachiocephalic trunk , left common carotid artery , leftsubclavian artery )
Esophagus shifts to left behind the heart ,gently crosses the line of descending aorta
Three neural structure - left phrenic , vagus sympathetic , left recurrent pharyngeal nerve

58
Q

Course of the three great vessels in the left mediastinal surface

A

Arises from the aortic arch , ascend up to reach the root of the neck

59
Q

What are the three great vessels in the left mediastinal space

A

Left common carotid artery , left subclavian vein , brachiocephalic trunk

60
Q

The fourth neural structure on the left mediastinum.

A

Left recurrent pharyngeal nerve

61
Q

The thoracic duct is found on the surface of which lung

A

Left lung

62
Q

The chamber of the heart in each mediastinal surface

A

Right -right atrium
Left -left ventricle

63
Q

Layer of pleura insensitive to pain

A

Visceral pleura

64
Q

Pleura layer that develops from somatopleuric mesoderm and inner aged by somatic nerves

A

Parietal pluperfect

65
Q

The nerves that supply the parietal pleura

A

Costal and peripheral part of diaphragmatic pleura by intercostal nerves
Mediastinal and central of diaphragmatic pleura by phrenic nerve
Somatic nerves

Thorax (3 decks)

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