Lungs Flashcards
Bronchopulmonary segments aerated by the
Tertiary segmental bronchi
Pulmonary venule in bronchopulmonary segment is seen in
Intersegmental plane
Apex and base of bronchopulmomary segment directed towards
Hilum and surface
Segments of lung surrounded by what type of tissue
Connective tissue
Well defined surgical functional and anatomical units of lungs
Bronchopulmonary segment
Number of pulmonary segments
10
Segments of superior lobe of right lung
Apical posterior anterior
Difficulty of breathing is also known as
Dyspnea
What can relieve bronchial asthma
Sympathomimetic drugs
Permanently dilated pulmonary bronchi and bronchioles as a result of chronic necrotising infection
Bronchiectasis
What segment becomes filled with pus leading to airway obstruction in bronchiectasis
Basal segments of lower lobe
Why is sympathomimetic drugs such as epinephrine used to treat bronchial asthma
Vasodilation
Atelectasis meaning
Collapse of complete or partial lung
Parasympathetic nerve figures to lungs derived from
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic nerve supply to lungs derived from
T2 to T5
What does the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibre supply to the lungs
Motor supply to bronchial muscles and secretomotor supply to mucous glands of the bronchial tree
Sympathetic fibre function in lung
Bronchodilator , vasoconstriction, decreased mucous secretion
What occurs due to bronchospasm
Bronchial asthma
Lung cancer spreads by
Lymphatic drainage
What does the superficial lymph vessels drain
Peripheral lung tissue beneath the visceral pleura
The superficial lymph vessels of lung drain into
The Bronchopulmonary (hilar )lymph nodes .
Vessels from the plexus pass around the borders and margins of fissure of lung to reach the hilum where they drain into it
What does the deep lymph vessels drain
Bronchial tree , pulmonary vessels , connective tissue septa
Sub pleural plexus is another name of
Superficial plexus
The pathway of the deep plexus
Run along the bronchi and pulmonary vessels towards the hilum passing through pulmonary lymph nodes (located within the lung substance ) and finally drain into the bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes
What the final drain of the lymphatic system of the lungs
Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct (left)
The route of lymphatic system from hilar lymph nodes to
Hilar -> superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes ->pre and para tracheal lymph nodes ,right left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk -> right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
Tracheobronchial lymph node located at
At hilum / superior and inferior to bifurcation of the trachea
Principal bronchi attaches lungs to
Trachea
The lungs are solid and do not crepitate in who and why
Foetus and stillborn children , due to absence of air in their alveoli
Three borders of the lung
Anterior , posterior , inferior
Which is thinner out of the margins
Anterior margin
Apex of the lungs is covered by
Cervical and supra-pleural membrane
Relations of apex of lungs
Anteriorly - subclavian artery , internal thoracic artery , scalenus anterior
Posteriorly - neck of 1st rib and structures in front of it , ventral ramus of first thoracic nerve , first posterior intercostal artery &vein ,sympathetic chain
Apex is grooved by what on the medial side and front
Subclavian artery
All structures related to the apex is separated from it by
Supra pleural membrane
Pain along medial side of forearm and hand , wasting Of small muscles of hand due to involvement of Ventural ramus. T1
Erosion of first rib
Horners syndrome , sympathetic chain involvement
Pancoast syndrome , occurs due to involvement of posterior aspect of apex
Cancer of lung may spread to involve the following structures
Subclavian or brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian artery
Phrenic nerve
Symptoms of cancer of lung spread
Venous engorgement and edema of neck ,face , arm (subclavian )
Diminished brachial and/or radial pulse (subclavian artery compression )
Hemidiaphragm paralysis ,due to infiltration of phrenic nerve
Relations of the base of the lung
Right side - liver separation by the dome of diaphragm
Left side - left dome separates from spleen and fungus
Why is the base of the right lung deeper ( more concave )
Presence of liver , right dome rises to the more superior level
What are the borders of the lungs
Inferior - semilunar shape and separates the costal and medical surfaces
Anterior -thin and shorter than the posterior border
Vertical in right lung , cardiac notch in left lung
Posterior - thick and rounded , extends from spine of C7 vertebra to the spine of T10 vertebra
Area of superficial cardiac dullness can be found
Cardiac notch , where heart and pericardium is uncovered by the lung
Where is the tongue shaped projection called lingual found
Below the cardiac notch
Arrangement of structures in the root of the lung from before backwards
Pulmonary vein , artery and bronchus (left principal bronchus on left side , partial and hyper partial bronchus on the right side )
VAB
Arrangement of structures in the root of lungs from above downwards
Right side - eparterial bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Hyparterial bronchus
Inferior pulmonary vein
Left side - pulmonary artery
Left principal bronchus
Inferior pulmonary vein
Which principal bronchus divides into two lobar bronchi before entering the hilum and name the branches
Right principal bronchus ,
Upper lobar bronchus /eparterial bronchus
Lower /hyparterial bronchus
The costal surface is covered by what
Costal pleura and endothoracic fascia
Relations of the costal surface
Related to the lateral thoracic wall. Number of ribs -upper 6ribs in midclavicualr line
Upper 8ribs in midaxillary line
Upper 10 ribs in scapular line
Divisions of the medial surface of the lung
Small posterior vertebral part
Large anterior mediastinal part
Relations of the medial surface of the lung
Vertebral part to vertebral colum ,
Posterior intercostal vessels
Greater and lesser splanchic nerves
Structures forming the right surface of the mediastinum
Right atrium
Superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein
Behind these are trachea and esophagus
The azygos vein
Three neural structures
What is the course of azygos vein
Runs upwards along th side of the vertebra, colum and arches over the roof of right lung to terminate into the superior vena cava
What are the three neural structures in the right surface of mediastinum
Right phrenic nerve
Right vagus nerve
Right sympathetic nerve
The course of the phrenic nerve in front of the root of the lung
Run to the diaphragm
Passing through 3 venous structures (superior vena cava {uppermost’}, right atrium and inferior vena cava )
The vagus nerve in the right lung
Lies right side of the trachea ,and travels behind the lung root . Here is breaks up into branches to take part posterior pulmonary and esophageal plexus
The course of the sympathetic trunk
Runs in the para vertebral gutter . Splanchnic nerves leave in the lower half , run medically and pierce the crurq of diaphragm to reach abdomen
Structures forming left surface of the mediastinum
Left ventricle
Aorta
Three great vessels (brachiocephalic trunk , left common carotid artery , leftsubclavian artery )
Esophagus shifts to left behind the heart ,gently crosses the line of descending aorta
Three neural structure - left phrenic , vagus sympathetic , left recurrent pharyngeal nerve
Course of the three great vessels in the left mediastinal surface
Arises from the aortic arch , ascend up to reach the root of the neck
What are the three great vessels in the left mediastinal space
Left common carotid artery , left subclavian vein , brachiocephalic trunk
The fourth neural structure on the left mediastinum.
Left recurrent pharyngeal nerve
The thoracic duct is found on the surface of which lung
Left lung
The chamber of the heart in each mediastinal surface
Right -right atrium
Left -left ventricle
Layer of pleura insensitive to pain
Visceral pleura
Pleura layer that develops from somatopleuric mesoderm and inner aged by somatic nerves
Parietal pluperfect
The nerves that supply the parietal pleura
Costal and peripheral part of diaphragmatic pleura by intercostal nerves
Mediastinal and central of diaphragmatic pleura by phrenic nerve
Somatic nerves
