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BRS-Respiratory Physiology > Lung Volumes And Capacities > Flashcards

Lung Volumes And Capacities Flashcards

1
Q

Is the volume inspired or expired with each normal breath.

A

Tidal volume (VT)

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2
Q

Is the volume that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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3
Q

It is used during exercise.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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4
Q

Is the volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume.

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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5
Q

Is the volume that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

A

Residual volume (RV)

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6
Q

It cannot be measured by spirometry.

A

Residual volume

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7
Q

Is the volume of the conducting airways.

A

Anatomic dead space

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8
Q

Is normally approximately 150 mL.

A

Anatomic dead space

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9
Q

Is a functional measurement.

A

Physiologic dead space

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10
Q

Is defined as the volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange.

A

Physiologic dead space

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11
Q

Is approximately equal to the anatomic dead space in normal lungs.

A

Physiologic dead space

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12
Q

It may be greater than the anatomic dead space in lung diseases in which there are ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) defects.

A

Physiologic dead space

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13
Q

VD

A

Physiologic dead space

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14
Q

Physiologic dead space formula:

A

VD = VT x PaCO2 - PeCO2/PaCO2

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15
Q

Minute ventilation is expressed as follows:

A

Minute ventilation = VT x Breaths/min

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16
Q

Alveolar ventilation is expressed as follows:

A

VA = (VT - VD) x Breaths/minute

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17
Q

Is the sum of tidal volume and RV.

A

Inspiratory capacity

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18
Q

Is the sum of ERV and RV.

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

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19
Q

Is the volume remaining in the lungs after a tidal volume is expired.

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

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20
Q

True or False:

Functional residual capacity (FRC) can be measured by spirometry.

A

False: It cannot be measured by spirometry. It includes the RV.

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21
Q

Is the sum of tidal volume, IRV and ERV.

A

Vital capacity (VC) or Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

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22
Q

Is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration.

A

Vital capacity (VC) or Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

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23
Q

Is the sum of all four lung volumes.

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

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24
Q

Is the volume in the lungs after a maximal inspiration.

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

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25
Q

True or False

Total lung capacity cannot be measured by spirometry.

A

True

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26
Q

Is the volume of air that can be expired in the first second of a forced maximal expiration.

A

Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

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27
Q

Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) is normally ____% of the forced vital capacity which is expressed as:

A

80%

FEV1 / FVC = 0.8

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28
Q

In obstructive lung disease, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both FEV and FVC are ______________, but FEV1 is reduced more than FVC is: thus, FEV1/FVC is _______________.

A

Reduced

Decreased

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29
Q

In restrictive lung disease, such as fibrosis, both FEV1 and FVC are ___________ but FEV1 is reduced less than FVC is: thus, FEV1/FVC is _______________.

A

Reduced

Increased

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30
Q

Is the most important muscle for inspiration.

A

Diaphragm

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31
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, the abdominal contents are pushed ________ ,and the ribs are lifted ___________ and __________, __________ the volume of the thoracic cavity.

A

Downward
Upward and outward
Increasing

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32
Q

Are not used for inspiration during normal quiet breathing.

A

External intercostals and accessory muscles

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33
Q

Are used during exercise and respiratory distress.

A

External intercostals and accessory muscles

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34
Q

Expiration is normally _________.

A

Passive

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35
Q

True or False:

Because the lung-chest wall system is elastic, it returns to its resting position after inspiration.

A

True

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36
Q

Are used during exercise or when airway resistance is increased because of disease (asthma).

A

Expiratory muscles

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37
Q

Compress the abdominal cavity, push the diaphragm up, and push air out of the lungs.

A

Abdominal muscles

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38
Q

Pulls the ribs downward and inward.

A

Internal intercostals muscles

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39
Q

Is analogous to capacitance in the cardiovascular system.

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

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40
Q

Compliance of the respiratory system is described by the following:

A

C = V / P

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41
Q

Describes the distensibility of the lungs and chest wall.

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

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42
Q

Is inversely related to elastamce, which depends on the amount of elastic tissue.

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

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43
Q

Is inversely related to stiffness.

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

44
Q

Is the slope of the pressure-volume curve.

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

45
Q

Is the change in volume for a given change in pressure. Pressure can refer to the pressure inside the lungs and airways or to transpulmonary pressure.

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

46
Q

Is alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure.

A

Transmural pressure

47
Q

When the pressure outside the lungs is ___________, the lungs expand and lung volume increases.

A

Negative

48
Q

When the pressure outside of the lungs is ______________, the lungs collapse and lung volume decreases.

A

Positive

49
Q

Inflation of the lungs (inspiration) follows a different curve than deflation of the lungs (expiration); this difference is called ____________ and is due to the need to overcome surface tension forces when inflating the lungs.

A

Hysteresis

50
Q

In the middle range of pressures, compliance is _________ and the lungs are _______________ and the curve flattens.

A

Lowest

Least distensible

51
Q

Is less than that of the lungs alone or the chest wall alone (the slope is flatter).

A

Compliance of the lung-chest wall system

52
Q

At __________, lung volume is at FRC and the pressure in the airways and lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure.

A

Rest

53
Q

Under these equilibrium conditions, there is a collapsing force on the lungs and an expanding force on the chest wall. At _____, these two forces are EQUAL AND OPPOSITE and, therefore, the combined lung-chest wall system NEITHER wants to collapse nor wants to expand.

A

FRC

54
Q

As a result of these two opposing forces, intrapleural pressure is ____________ (subatmospheric).

A

Negative

55
Q

If air is introduced into the intrapleural space (pneumothorax), the intrapleural pressure becomes ___________ to the atmospheric pressure.

A

Equal

56
Q

True or False:

Without the normal negative intrapleural pressure, the lungs will collapse (their natural tendency) and the chest wall will spring outward (its natural tendency).

A

True

57
Q

In a patient with __________, lung compliance is increased and the tendency of the lungs to collapse is decreased.

A

Emphysema

58
Q

The lung-chest wall system will seek a new, higher FRC so that the two opposing forces can be balanced again.

A

Emphysema

59
Q

The patient’s chest becomes barrel-shaped, reflecting this higher volume.

A

Emphysema

60
Q

In a patient with ____________, lung compliance is decreased and the tendency of the lungs to collapse is increased.

A

Fibrosis

61
Q

The lung-chest wall system will seek a new,lower FRC so that the two opposing forces can be balanced again.

A

Fibrosis

62
Q

Results from the attractive forces between liquid molecules lining the alveoli at the air-liquid interface.

A

Surface tension of the alveolie

63
Q

Creates a collapsing pressure that is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to alveolar radius.

A

Laplace’s law

64
Q

Have low collapsing pressure and are easy to keep open

A

Large alveoli

65
Q

Have high collapsing pressures and are more difficult to keep open.

A

Small alveoli

66
Q

In the absence of surfactant, the small alveoli have a tendency to collapse or _________________.

A

Atelectasis

67
Q

Lines the alveoli.

A

Surfactant

68
Q

Reduces surface tension by disrupting the intermolecular forces between liquid molecules.

A

Surfactant

69
Q

This reduction in surface tension prevents small alveoli from collapsing and ____________ compliance.

A

Increases

70
Q

Surfactant is synthesized by ________________ and consists primarily of the phospholipid __________________.

A

Type II alveolar cells

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

71
Q

In the FETUS, surfactant synthesis is variable. Surfactant may be present as early as gestational week ___ and is almost always present by gestational week ____.

A

24

35

72
Q

Generally, a lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio greater than ________ in amniotic fluid reflects mature levels of surfactant.

A

2:1

73
Q

______________________ can occur in premature infants because of the lack of surfactant. The infant exhibits ATELECTASIS (lungs collapse), difficulty reinflating the lungs (as a result of decreased compliance) and HYPOXEMIA (as a result of decreased V/Q).

A

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

74
Q

Is driven by, and is directly proportional to the PRESSURE DIFFERENCE between the mouth or nose and the alveoli.

A

Airflow

75
Q

Is inversely proportional to airway resistance; thus the higher the airway resistance, the lower the airflow.

A

Airflow

76
Q

Is described by Poiseuille’s law.

A

Resistance of the airways

77
Q

The major site of airway resistance is the ___________________.

A

Medium-sized bronchi

78
Q

True or False:

The smallest airways would seem to offer the highest resistance, but they do not because of their parallel arrangement.

A

True

79
Q

Changes airway resistance by altering the radius of the airways.

A

Contraction or relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

80
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION, irritants and the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (asthma) ___________ the airways, __________ the radius and ____________ the resistance to airflow.

A

Constrict
Decrease
Increase

81
Q

SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION and sympathetic agonists (ISOPROTERENOL) ____________ the airways, via ______________, _________ the radius, and ___________ the resistance to airflow

A

Dilate
B2 receptors
Increase
Decrease

82
Q

Alters airway resistance because of the radial traction exerted on the airways by surrounding lung tissue.

A

Lung volume

83
Q

__________________ are associated with greater traction on airways and decreased airway resistance.

A

High lung volumes

84
Q

_______________ are associated with less traction and increased airways resistancce, even to the point of airway collapse.

A

Low lung volumes

85
Q

True or False:

Viscosity or density of inspired gas does not change the resistance to airflow.

A

False:

Changes the resistance to airflow.

86
Q

During a deep-sea dive, both air density and resistance to airflow are ______________.

A

Increased

87
Q

Breathing a low-density gas, such as helium ____________ the resistance to airflow.

A

Reduces

88
Q

Because lung pressures are expressed relative to atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure is said to be _______.

A

Zero

89
Q

True or False:

At FRC, the opposing forces of the lungs trying to collapse and the chest wall trying to expand create a negative pressure in the intrapleural space between them

A

True

90
Q

Intrapleural pressure can be measured by a _______________________.

A

Balloon catheter in the esophagus.

91
Q

Lung volume is the _____.

A

FRC

92
Q

The inspiratory muscles contract and cause the volume of the thorax to _________.

A

Increase

93
Q

As lung volume increases, alveolar pressure ___________ to less than atmospheric pressure.

A

Decreases

94
Q

The ____________ between the atmosphere and the alveoli now causes air to flow into the lungs; airflow will continue until the pressure gradient dissipates.

A

Pressure gradient

95
Q

True or False:

Because lung volumes increases during insipiration, the elastic recoil strength of the lungs also decreases.

A

False

Increases

96
Q

Changes in intrapleural pressure during inspiration, are used to measure the _________________ of the lungs.

A

Dynamic compliance

97
Q

At the peak of inspiration, lung volume is the FRC plus __________.

A

One VT

98
Q

During expiration alveolar pressure becomes ________ than atmospheric pressure.

A

Greater

99
Q

____________ returns to its resting value during a normal (passive) expiration.

A

Intrapleural pressure

100
Q

However, during a forced expiration, intrapleural pressure actually becomes ___________.

A

Positive

101
Q

In ________, in which airway resistance is increased patients learn to expire slowly with “pursed lips” to prevent the airway collapse that may occur with a forced expiration.

A

COPD

102
Q

COPD is a combination of ______ and _______.

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

103
Q

COPD is an obstructive disease with _______ lung compliance in which expiration is impaired,

A

Increased

104
Q

_______________ (primarily emphysema) have mild hypoxemia with cyanosis and alveolar ventilation, normocapnia (normal PCO2).

A

Pink puffers

105
Q

________________ (primarily bronchitis) have severe hypoxemia with cyanosis and becaus they do not maintain alveolar ventilation, hypercapnia (increased PCO2). They have right ventricular failure and systemic edema.

A

Blue bloaters

106
Q

_________ is a restrictive disease with decreased lung compliance in which inspiration is impaired.

A

Fibrosis

107
Q

Is characterized by a decrease in all lung volumes.

A

Fibrosis

BRS-Respiratory Physiology (1 decks)

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