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AAI: Pharmacology + Biology > Lung structure + function > Flashcards

Lung structure + function Flashcards

1
Q

Role of respiratory system

A

Ensure adequate intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Name each structure of the lung

A
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3
Q

Name each part of an epithelial cell

A
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4
Q

Name each neurotransmitter + post-synaptic receptor for each nervous system

A
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5
Q

Alpha adrenoceptor subtypes

A

alpha1

alpha2

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6
Q

Beta adrenoceptor subtypes

A

beta1

beta2

beta3

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7
Q

Role of Alpha1 adrenoceptor

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction

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8
Q

Role of Alpha2 adrenoceptor

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction

Prejunctional regulation of NA release

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9
Q

Role of Beta1 adrenoceptor

A

Sino-atrial node + ventricles in heart-rate

Force of contraction

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10
Q

Role of Beta2 adrenoceptor

A

Airway smooth muscle relaxation

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11
Q

Role of Beta3 adrenoceptor

A

Skeletal muscle + adipose tissue

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12
Q

What are the muscarinic receptor subtypes?

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

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13
Q

Role of M1 receptor

A

CNS

Salivary glands

Gastric glands

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14
Q

Role of M2 receptor

A

Heart - the rate of contraction

GI smooth muscle contraction

CNS

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15
Q

Role of M3 receptor

A

Salivary glands

Smooth muscle (GI, airways)

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16
Q

Role of M4 receptor

A

CNS

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17
Q

Role of M5 receptor

A

CNS

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18
Q

Innervation of the airways

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Sensory nerves

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19
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect airways?

A

Circulating adrenaline

Act on Beta2-adrenoceptors on bronchial smooth muscle for relaxation

Inhibitor of mediator release from mast cells

Beta2-adrenoceptors on mucus glands to inhibit mucus secretion

Increased clearance of mucus

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20
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect airways?

A

Release acetylcholine

Activates muscarinic M3 receptors

  • causes bronchoconstriction
  • increase mucus secretion
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21
Q

How does sensory nerves affect airways?

A

local reflexes respond to irritants

Causes:

  • coughing
  • bronchoconstriction
  • increased mucus secretion
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22
Q

Role of sensory nerves in exercise-induced asthma

A
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23
Q

What are cold receptors?

A

Other local control e.g. sensory nerves

Detect changes in temperature

On mast cells + airway epthelium + sensory nerves

Involved in cold-induced asthma through activation of mast cells + mucus production

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24
Q

Causes of Breathlessness

A

congenital conditions e.g. cystic fibrosis

infection

inflammation

cancer

psychological

lung degeneration

cardiac e.g. heart failure

pulmonary embolism

pregnancy, obesity, altitude

drug side effects (beta-blockers)

25
Q

What is the average breathing rate?

A

12 breaths/min

Each with a volume of 0.5L

(eupnoea)

26
Q

How long does active inhalation lasts?

27
Q

How long does active exhalation last?

28
Q

What is Eupnoea

A

Normal good breathing rhythm

29
Q

Process of breathing in

30
Q

Process of breathing out

31
Q

Function of mucus

A

Traps particles

32
Q

Function of Cilia

A

Move particles out of lung

33
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Production of thick mucus which patients can’t get rid of to easily be able to have an infection

34
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight / flight

airways, heart, blood vessels

35
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest + digest responses

airways, heart, GI Tract

36
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

Opposition to airflow in the respiratory tree

depends on friction + airways cross section

Examples:

  • excess mucus production
  • increased growth of smooth muscle - reducing lumen size
  • contraction of airway smooth muscle = constriction of airways
37
Q

What is compliance?

A

Indication of ability of lungs to stretch

38
Q

What is elastance?

A

Ability of lungs to recoil

Stiff lungs have low compliance + high elastic recoil (difficult to stretch + tend to return to resting position)

39
Q

What causes fibrosis?

A

Lung damage (after TB)

Build of fibrous tissue - no elasticity

40
Q

Emphysema or COPD can cause…

A

…loss of elastance

41
Q

How is breathing controlled centrally? (NS)

A

through ANS - autonomic nervous system

CNS can override this + change rate + depth of breathing

Can stop breathing for short period of time

But due to the build up of CO2, chemoreceptors detect this in respiratory centres in the brain stem and stimulate breathing

42
Q

What is Spirometry?

A

Measures lung volume

43
Q

What is a Peak flow meter?

A

Way of patients monitoring their lung function

Small hand held device

Measures flow of air out of lungs

In PEF (peak expiratory flow test), it rises rapidly due to forced expiration but drops

Constriction of airways reduces peak flow

44
Q

Name each part of the diagram

45
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

Shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs

e.g. COPD, asthma

46
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

Patients cannot fully fill their lungs with air

e.g. fibrosis

47
Q

What is Respiratory acidosis?

48
Q

VC in lung function tests

A

VC = FVC = forced vital capacity

49
Q

VT in lung function tests

A

VT = tidal volume

50
Q

TLC in lung function tests

A

TLC = total lung capacity

51
Q

IRV in lung function tests

A

IRV = inspiration reserve volume

52
Q

Describe oxygen dissociation curve

53
Q

What does hyperventilation cause + how do we limit it

A

Loss of CO2 + Alkalosis

The drop in pC02 + increase in pH leads to inhibition of hyperventilation to limit hyperventilation

54
Q

What is Metabolic acidosis?

A

Body produces excessive amounts of acid (diabetes)

Drop in pH stimulates ventilation to lower pCO2

e.g. diabetes

55
Q

What is Metabolic alkalosis?

A

Increase in bicarbonate (HCO3-) conc

Leads to hypoventilation to raise pC02

56
Q

Contents of a cigarette smoke

A

Tar (forms sticky brown residue) Cyanide CO Heavy metals (cadmium) Arsenic Benzene Oxidative stress Benzo(a)pyrene (DNA damage) Acrolein (mitochondrial damage) Particulate matter + tar (effects on lungs)

57
Q

Smoking decreases…

A

…lung function

58
Q

How many people die each year of smoking in the UK

A

120,000

Causes one-third of all cancer deaths

59
Q

How many cancer deaths is contributed from smoking

AAI: Pharmacology + Biology (11 decks)

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