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AAI Pharmacology and Cell Biology > Lung Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lung Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gas exchange and where does it take place?

A

O2 and CO2 exchange in alveoli (rich blood supply)

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2
Q

What part of the bronchioles keeps the airways open most of the time?

A

Bronchiole cartilage

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3
Q

Innervation of airways - how is the sympathetic nervous system involved?

A

SYMPATHETIC
Circulating adrenaline
Acts on beta 2 adrenoreceptor on bronchial smooth muscle to cause relaxation
Inhibition of mediator release from mast cells

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4
Q

Aside from innervation where else / for what are beta 2 adrenoreceptors found?

A

Mucous glands to inhibit secretion

Agonists = increased clearance of mucous

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5
Q

What is the role of parasympathetic nervous system in innervation of the airways?

A

Releases Ach which activates muscarinic M3 receptors - causes bronchial constriction and increased mucous secretion

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6
Q

What is the role of sensory nerves in the innervation of airways?

A

Local reflexes respond to irritants
Cause coughing, bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion

  • rapid reaction e.g. Breathing in chilli powder = cough
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7
Q

What is the hypothesised method of sensory nerve local control (exercise induced asthma)

A

Water loss from airways in exercise thought to stimulate release of mediators and activates sensory nerves

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8
Q

How does surface area change as you go down the lung “tree”? What is the lung tree?

A

Surface area increases as you go down from trachea, main bronchi, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli

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9
Q

Sensory nerves are up regulated by inflammation (increases response to stimulus) what is an example of other sensory nerves / local control?

A

Cold Receptors

  • detect changes in temperature eg TRPMB receptors
  • present on mast cells and airway epithelium and sensory nerves
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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system nerves

A

Ach -> nAchR -> NA -> AdrR

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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Ach -> nAchR -> Ach -> mAchR

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12
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

From spinal cord

Ach -> nAchR

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13
Q

Alpha 1 adrenoceptors are found on?

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction

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14
Q

Alpha 2 adrenoceptors found on?

What else do they control?

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction

- pre junctional regulation of NA release

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15
Q

Where do beta 1 adrenoceptors and what do they cause?

A

HEART (sino atrial node and ventricles)

Rate and force of contraction is controlled

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16
Q

What do beta 2 adrenoceptors do?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways

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17
Q

Where are beta 3 adrenoceptors found?

A

Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

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18
Q

Muscarinic subtype M1

A

CNS, salivary glands, gastric glands

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19
Q

Muscarinic subtype M2

A

HEART

rate of contraction, GI smooth muscle contraction, CNS

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20
Q

Muscarinic subtype M3

A

Salivary glands, smooth muscle GI AIRWAYS

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21
Q

Muscarinic subtype M4

A

CNS

22
Q

Muscarinic subtype M5

A

CNS

23
Q

Causes of breathelessness

A 
Congenital conditions e.g. cystic fibrosis 
Infection e.g. chest infection / TB 
Inflammation e.g. asthma anaphylaxis 
Cancer
Mental - panic attack 
Degeneration of lung e.g. COPD 
Cardiac - heart failure 
Pulmonary embolism 
Pregnancy / obesity / altitude 
Side effects of drugs e.g. Beta blockers / NSAIDS
24
Q

Breathing In - diaphragm and pressure?

- deep and heaving breathing, what physiological changes occur.

A

Diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity
Decreases pressure causing air to flow into airways
Deep and heavy breathing - intercostal muscles contract and pull rib cage upwards and outwards

25
Q

Breathing Out - diaphragm and pressure (during rest ?)
What happens during forced expiration
- role of abdominal muscles

A

During rest expiration is passive
Internal intercostal muscles contract and pull rib cage inwards during FORCED EXPIRATION
Abdominal muscles also contract to reduce thoracic volume

26
Q

What is airway resistance?
What factors can affect it?
Consider how these factors could vary?

A

Opposition to airflow in respiratory tree
Depends on friction and airway cross section
Consider increased growth of smooth muscle /excess mucus production

27
Q

What is compliance ?

A

Indication of lungs ability to stretch

28
Q

What is elastance?

A

Ability of the lungs to recoil

29
Q

What are the compliance and elastance properties of stiff lungs (e.g. With fibrosis)?

A

Low compliance and high elastance recoil I.e. Difficult to stretch and tend to return to resting position

30
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Caused by lung damage e.g. After TB

31
Q

What can cause a loss in lung elastance?

A

COPD/ emphysema

32
Q

Describe the central control if breathing - what happens if we stop breathing ?

A

Controlled by the ANS
We can stop breathing for a short period of time however a build up of CO2 is recognised by chemoreceptors in respiratory centres in brain stem

33
Q

What does Spirometry measure?

A

Lung volume

34
Q

What is Vc?

A

= FVC

Forced vital capacity

35
Q

What is VT?

A

Tidal volume

36
Q

What is TLC?

A

Total lung capacity

37
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiration reserve volume

38
Q

When can airways become obstructed? What changes do obstructive airways cause? Why do these changes occur?

A

Asthma and COPD
FEV1 is greatly reduced - cannot expel all air quickly so comes out slower
FVC can be normal if all air is expelled (may be reduced in COPD if all air cannot be reduced)

39
Q

What are restricted airways? What can cause this? What changes are there as a consequence?

A

Restrictive airways cannot fill lungs with air e.g. Fibrosis
FEV1 and FVC is reduced (ratio is normal)

40
Q

Obstructive vs Restrictive

FEV1 : FVC ratio

A

Obstructive - decreased

Restrictive - normal

41
Q

At what Po2 does Hb release O2 and where does this occur ?

A

Low Po2

Tissues

42
Q

At what Po2 is the lung and what happens here?

A

High Po2

Hb is saturated with oxygen I.e 100% oxyhemoglobin

43
Q

How can respiratory acidosis arise?

A

Impaired / reduced lung function leads to reduced expiration of CO2
Built up CO2 leads to increased carbonic acid
Increase in pH leads to increase in plasma concentration - buffering with Hb in rbcs leads to increase in plasma HCO3-
This in turn causes rise in bicarbonate levels

44
Q

pH of plasma and bicarbonate levels indicate…

A

Respiratory distress (see respiratory acidosis)

45
Q

What happens to bicarbonate levels in chronic acidosis?

A

Raised due to buffering - pH normal

46
Q

What other causes of respiratory acidosis / alkalosis and breathing rate?

A

Hyperventilation - loss of CO2 and hence alkalosis

- drop in PCO2 and increase in pH leads to inhibition of ventilation to limit hyperventilation

47
Q

What is metabolic acidosis? What changes occur?

A

Diabetes

Drop in pH stimulates ventilation to lower blood PCO2

48
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis? What changes occur?

A

Vomiting

Depresses ventilation

49
Q

What does a reduction in ventilation lead to?

A

Reduced O2 for metabolism

Increased CO2 which leads to acidosis

50
Q

Three factors that regulate the intake of air

A

Rate of respiration
Depth of inspiration
Diameter of the airways

AAI Pharmacology and Cell Biology (5 decks)

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