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Radiology Anatomy > Lung Patterns > Flashcards

Lung Patterns Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 most important pulmonary diseases?

A

Pulmonary edema, pneumonia, hemorrhage/contusions.

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2
Q

What starts out as an interstitial pattern and moves into an alveolar pattern?

A

Pulmonary edema

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3
Q

Is an interstitial pattern or alveolar pattern more severe?

A

Alveolar pattern

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4
Q

What disease have ventral distribution?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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5
Q

What disease have diffuse distribution with tiny little dots?

A

Fungal

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6
Q

What disease has a caudal dorsal distribution?

A

Edema

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7
Q

What cause will make the artery bigger than the vein?

A

Heart worm disease

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8
Q

What causes the vein to be bigger than the artery leading to venous congestion?

A

Left sided heart congestive failure

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9
Q

If both sides of the veins and arteries big, what is the disease is it?

A

PDA or VSD

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10
Q

If both the veins and arteries are small?

A

Hypovolemia or shock

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11
Q

What are rib fractures caused by?

A

Pulmonary contusions

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12
Q

What can coughing indicate?

A

Asthma or bronchial disease

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13
Q

What can dikepnic mean?

A

Pneumonia or metastatic disease

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14
Q

What is an alveolar pattern?

A

Air is removed from the alveoli and replaced with fluid which causes increase lung space

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15
Q

What are signs of an alveolar pattern?

A

1) Homogeneous, uniform fluid opacity (varies from solid and opaque to faint and wipsy)
2) Lobar sign
3) Silhouette effect
4) Air bronchograms

wont see every sign on radiographs

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16
Q

What is the gold standard for an alveolar pattern?

A

Air bronchograms

17
Q

What is a lobar sign?

A

Line of demarcation of a lung lobe where two lungs are next to each other with different opacities

18
Q

Which lung is a common place for aspiration pneumonia?

A

Right middle lung lobe

19
Q

What is the silhouette effect?

A

Two soft tissue structures in close contact where borders merge (blend together) such as border effacement

20
Q

Which pattern is the only one that will have a silhouette effect?

A

Alveolar pattern

21
Q

Which air pattern causes more loss of air space than any other pattern?

A

Alveolar

22
Q

What are causes of alveolar pattern?

A

1) Pneumonia
-Aspiration
-Bronchopneumonia
-Hematogenous (foals, rare in dogs/cats)

2) Edema
-Cardiogenic
-Non-cardiogenic

3) Hemorrhage
-Trauma
-Coagulopathy

23
Q

What are the two types of pulmonary edema?

A

Cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic

24
Q

What is cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

High pressure edema with left sides congestive heart failure die to large left atrium

25
Q

What is non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

Increased permeability edema and/or high pressure with a normal left atrium

26
Q

What are causes of non-cardiogenic edema?

A

Electrocution
Smoke inhalation
Acute hypoxia
Head trauma
Submersion injury

27
Q

How does cardiogenic edema look like in cats?

A

No typical distribution

28
Q

What are pulmonary contusions?

A

Alveolar infiltrate, can be anywhere
Associated radiographic changes include rib fractures, pneumothorax, pleural effusion

29
Q

What are less common causes of alveolar pattern?

A

Lung lobe torsion
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Neoplasia
Bronchial foreign body (with focal pneumonia)

30
Q

Atelectasis

A

In alveolar pattern
Loss of volume, removing air and not replacing it (collapsed lung), mediastinal shift

31
Q

What is a linear (unstructured) interstitial pattern?

A

Thickening of infrastructure
Overall increase in hazy pulmonary opacity
More lines
Vessels appear smudged/hazy, not as defined
No air bronchograms, silhouette effect or lobar signs
Often the “default” pattern

32
Q

What can cause a linear interstitial pattern?

A

Artifact (radiograph taken on expiration)
Geriatric change
Pulmonary edema
Viral pneumonia
Hemorrhage
Neoplasia
Pulmonary fibrosis

33
Q

How do you know your interstital pattern is from taking a radiograph during expiration?

A

Lateral view will have an unstructured interstitial pattern but your VD/DV view will be normal

34
Q

What is a nodular/structured interstitial pattern?

A

Relatively circumscribed nodule/mass
Single/multiple
Varying sizes: mililary (tiny), nodule (<2 cm), mass (>2 cm)

35
Q

What are causes of a interstitial nodular pattern?

A

Artifact of chest wall
Primary neoplasia
Metastatic neoplasia
Fungal granulomas
Abscess (common in horses)
Hematoma
Fluid filled bulla
Parasitic cyst

36
Q

What disease is commonly seen with a miliary pattern in dogs?

A

Fungal infection, likely blasto

Radiology Anatomy (12 decks)

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