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Respiratiory Physiology > Lung Mechanics > Flashcards

Lung Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Lung Volumes:

A 
LITER :
(L)ung 
1. IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) 
2. TV (tidal volume) 
3. ERV (expiratory reserve volume) 
4. RV (residual volume )
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2
Q

Name the Lung Capacities:

A
  1. IC: inspiratory capacity
  2. FRC: functional residual capacity
  3. VC: vital capacity
  4. TLC: total lung capacity
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3
Q

Name the components of the Lung Capacities :

A
  1. IC: IRV + TV
  2. FRC: ERV + RV
  3. VC: TLC- RV or IRV+TV+ERV
  4. TLC: VC + RV or IRV+TV+ERV+RV
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4
Q

FRC is a marker for …?

A

Lung Compliance

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5
Q

What is the importance of FRC?

A
  1. Works as an O2 reservoir in moments of apnea in the normal breathing cycle
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6
Q

What is Total Ventilation or Minute Ventilation (VE)?

A

VE= VT x RR (12-20)

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7
Q

Define Death Space?

A

Regions with O2 and CO2 but with no blood-gas exchange

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8
Q

Components of Physiological dead space?

A
  1. Anatomical death space + alveolar death space
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9
Q

Condition in which Physiological death space > anatomical?

A
  1. ⬆️Alveolar death space (PE)
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10
Q

Physiological dead space formula?

A

VD= VT x (PaCO2 - PECO2 / PaCO2)

🌮 TACO PACO PECO PACO

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11
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

A

The amount of fresh air (not dead space) delivered to the alveoli per min

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12
Q

How do you calculate the Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A

VA= (VT - VD) x RR

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13
Q

Average VT?

A

500ml/breath

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14
Q

Average VD (dead space) ?

A

150 ml/breath

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15
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA) depends on these two factors?

A
  1. VT (⬆️breathing depth)
  2. RR (⬆️ rate)
  3. VD (dead space is constant and that’s why it doesn’t contribute much)
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16
Q

Major muscles for inspiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm

2. External intercostal muscles

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17
Q

Major muscles for expiration?

A
  1. Passive relaxation of diaphragm, external intercostal muscles and recoil of lungs
  2. Internal Intercostal muscle contraction
  3. Rectus abdominal, external and internal obliques and transverse abdominal muscle
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18
Q

Lung recoil tends to be..?

A

Inwards

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19
Q

Chest wall recoil tends to be ?

A

Outwards

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20
Q

What Lung Capacity do you get when the inward recoil of the lung meets the outward recoil of the chest wall?

A
  1. FRC
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21
Q

What is transmural pressure gradient?

A
  1. Difference in pressure between the inside (lung pressure) and outside (IPP) pressure.
  2. Should always be positive
22
Q

What is the PA (Alveolar pressure) before inspiration/end of expiration?

A
  1. 0
23
Q

Whats is the PA (Alveolar pressure) during inspiration?

A
  1. Slightly Negative (-1)

2. ⬆️Alveolar volume —> ⬇️ Pressure

24
Q

What is the PA at the end of inspiration ?

A
  1. 0
25
Q

What is the PA during expiration ?

A
  1. Slightly positive (+1)

2. ⬇️Alveolar volume —> ⬆️Pressure

26
Q

Normal Intrapleural pressure?

A
    • 5 cm H2O
27
Q

Cardiovascular changes with inspiration ?

A
  1. ⬇️IPP —> ⬆️VR and Volume —> ⬆️Right Heart CO
  2. Dilation of pulmonary vessels
  3. ⬇️VR to the Left Heart
28
Q

When taking a deep inspiration and holding your breath, what changes do you expect on the HR?

A
  1. Slight HR ⬆️
29
Q

What happens to the systolic blood pressure with inspiration?

A
  1. Slight ⬇️
30
Q

Cardiovascular changes with expiration?

A
  1. ⬇️Right Heart VR and Volume.
  2. ⬇️Pulmonary volumes
  3. ⬆️VR and Volume in Left Heart
31
Q

What happens to systolic BP with expiration?

A
  1. Slight ⬆️
32
Q

What happens to HR with expiration?

A
  1. ⬇️ Decrease
33
Q

What is Assisted Control Mode Ventilation?

A
  1. It activates when patient does no initiate inspiration.

2. Expiration is accomplished normally

34
Q

What is Positive End-Expiratory Pressure? (PEEP)

A
  1. It applies positive pressure at the end of expiration.

2. Prevents Alveolar collapse

35
Q

In who do we use PEEP?

A
  1. Patients with Alveolar collapse

2. Like ARDS

36
Q

What is CPAP?

A
  1. Positive airway pressure throughout the whole cycle.
  2. Prevents big airway colapse (OSA).
  3. Administered by mask
37
Q

How to calculate lung compliance ?

A
  1. VT (tidal volume)/IPP
38
Q

What is Lung compliance?

A

The ability for the lung to change volume at a given pressure.

39
Q

Conditions that cause ⬇️lung compliance?

A
  1. Restrictive Lung Disease
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Pulmonary edema
40
Q

Conditions that ⬆️ lung compliance ?

A
  1. COPD

2. Aging

41
Q

What are the main components of Lung Recoil?

A
  1. SURFACE TENSION

2. Elastin and collagen

42
Q

What alveoli are easier to collapse (have greater surface tension)?

  1. Big
  2. Small
A
  1. Small
43
Q

Surfactant main function?

A
  1. ⬇️surface tension
  2. ⬇️Alveolar collapse (specially small)
  3. ⬆️compliance and ⬇️recoil
44
Q

Main mechanism of ARDS?

A
  1. Damage to Alveolar epithelium.
  2. ⬆️Alveolar permeability
  3. ⬆️protein seepage
  4. ⬆️edema
  5. ⬇️surfactant effectiveness

ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE

45
Q

Lung Volume Pressure Curve shifts to this side in ARDS/Restrictive lung disease?

A
  1. Right and down
46
Q

Parasympathetic bronchocostriction and airway secretion is mediated by these receptors?

A
  1. M3
47
Q

In PFT, what should be the normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A
  1. 80% or more
48
Q

Main examples of COPD?

A
  1. Chronic bronchitis
  2. Emphysema
  3. Asthma
49
Q

PFT’s expectation in COPD?

A
  1. ⬇️⬇️FEV1 (<80%)
  2. ⬇️FVC
  3. ⬆️TLC, FRC and RV
50
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disease examples ?

A
  1. ARDS
  2. Sarcoidosis
  3. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
51
Q

PFT’s changes in Restrictive Pulmonary Disease?

A
  1. ⬆️FEV1/FVC ratio:&raquo_space;80%
  2. ⬇️FVC, TLC, RV, FEV1, etc.

OVERALL DECREASED VOLUMES

Respiratiory Physiology (4 decks)

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