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Kaplan Physio: Respiration > Lung Mechanics > Flashcards

Lung Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? Also what is the formula?

A

FRC = RV+ERV

amount of gas in lungs at end of passive expiration

equilibrium point or neutral

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2
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity (IC)? Formula?

A

Maximal amount of gas that can be inspired from FRC.

IC= TV + IRV

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3
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration

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4
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

additional volume that can be expired after a passive expiration

ERV = FRC - RV

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5
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

amount of air in the lung after a maximal expiration
RV = TLC - VC

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6
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

IRV+VT+ERV
maximal volume that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

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7
Q

What is TLC?

A

VC+RV
total lung capacity of air in the lung after a maximal inspiration

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8
Q

Be able to reproduce the chart on lung volumes.

A

Reproduce chart

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9
Q

What are the other terms used for total ventilation?

A

minute volume or minute ventilation

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10
Q

What is the the total ventilation formula?

A

Ve = Vt x f

Ve: total ventilation
Vt: tidal volume
f: respiratory rate

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11
Q

What are normal resting values for total ventilation?

A

Vt = 500 mL
f = 15
500 mL x 15/min = 7500 mL/min

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12
Q

What is dead space?

A

areas of the respiratory system that contain air but are not exchanging O2 and CO2 with blood

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13
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

airway regions that, because of inherent structure, are not capable of O2 and CO2 exchange with the blood

includes the conducting zone, which ends at the level of the terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

The amount of anatomic dead space is approximately equal to what number?

A

a persons weight so a 150 lb individual has 150 mL dead space.

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15
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

(alvVd) refers to alveoli containing air but without blood flow in the surrounding capillaries

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16
Q

What is physiologic dead space?Formula?

A

referes to the total dead space in the lung system (anatVd + alvVd)

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17
Q

What is implied when the physiologic Vd is greater than the anatomic Vd.

A

somewhere in the lung the alveolic are being ventilated but not perfused

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18
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A

Va = (Vt-Vd)f

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19
Q

Describe muscles used for breathing and direction your chest goes when you inspire air.

A

diaphragm and internal intercostals muscles of the chest

your ribs rise up and out and increases the anterior posterior dimensions of the chest

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20
Q

What are the muscles involved with forced expiration?

A

the muscles of the abdominal wall and the internal intercostals contract and compress the chest wall down and in;
while forcing the diaphragm up into the chest

21
Q

Units of pressure in respiratory physio are usually given in what units?

A

1 cm H2O

22
Q

What is the pressure in mmHg of 1 cm H2O?

A

0.74 mmHg

23
Q

1 mmHg is how much cm H2O?

A

1.36 H2O

24
Q

Formula for PTM?

A

Ptm = Pi - Po

if inside is (+) then inside is greater than outside
if inside is (-) then outside greater than inside

25
Q

What is another name for Ptm?

A

transpulmonary pressure

26
Q

When is pulmonary vascular resistance lowest?

Spirometry identification unit

A

at FRC

27
Q

Explain what happens to the heart during inspiration to the cardiovascular system.

A

intrapleural pressure becomes more negative (decreases)

increase ends up increase the Ptm across the vasculature causing the great veins and atrium to expand

Expansion decreases intravascular pressure which increases pressure gradient driving VR to the heart

28
Q

What does PEEP help treat?

A

positive pressure applied at end of expiratory cycle to decrease alveolar collapse

useful in treating hypoxemia of ARDS

29
Q

What causes traumatic pneumothorax?

A

perforation of the chest wall

30
Q

What causes spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

rupture of the alveolus

31
Q

What is a tension pneuomothorax.

A

when the opening of the lung to the pleural space functions as a valve allowing air to enter pleural space but not to leave causing a tension pneumothorax

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of tension pneumothorax?

A

respiratory distress

asymmetry of breath sounds

deviation of trachea to the side opposite the tension pneumothroax

markedly depressed CO

33
Q

What can cause increased lung compliance?

A

emphysema, aging, and saline filled lung

34
Q

For any given fall in intralpleural pressure to large alveoli or small alveoli expand less?

A

large alveoli expand less than small alveoli

35
Q

What is the greatest component of lung recoil?

A

surface tension forces

36
Q

Which alveoli have a tendency to collapse more?

A

small alveoli

37
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

it lowers surface tension forces in the alveoli, it lowers lung recoil and increases compliance

it lowers surface tension forces more in small alveoli than in large which promotes stability among alveoli of different sizes by decreasing the tendency of small alveoli to collapse

38
Q

What is RDS?

A

deficiency of surfactant

39
Q

What is another name for RDS?

A

hyaline membrane disease

40
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

ARDS is an acute lung injury via the following:

sepsis: develops from injury to pulmonary capillary endothelium, leading to protein seepage into alveoli which in turn reduces the effectiveness of sufactant

41
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms by which as lung volume increases, airway resistance decreases?

A

Ptm: to get to high lung volumes, IPP becomes more and more negative. This increases the Ptm across small airways, causing them to expand. The result is decreases resitance

radial traction: the walls of alveoli are physically connected to small airways. Thus, as alveoli expand, they pull open small airways. The result is decreased resistance

42
Q

What is FEV1?

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)

43
Q

What is normal FEV1/FVC?

A

~ 80%

44
Q

Compare V and flow of restrictive vs obstructive disease.

A

In restrictive disease it is characterized by reduced volume (low FVC, but normal flow), while obstructive disease is characterized by reduced flow (low FEV1/FVC)

45
Q

What are 4 basic pathologic alterations that occur in obstructive lung disease?

A

bronchoconstriction
hypersecretion
inflammation
destruction of lung parenchyma

46
Q

Give the formula to tell apart obstructive vs restrictive patterns of breathing.

A

FEV1/FVC

47
Q

What are the 2 volumes decreased in obstructive lung disease.

A

FEV1 very decreased and FVC is decreased other V go up

48
Q

Which type of respiratory issue is related to decreased lung V.

A

restrictive patterns

49
Q

Label the flow-volume loop.

A

the width in the middle is lung volume
arrow to left is TLC
arrow to right is RV

Kaplan Physio: Respiration (4 decks)

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