Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Lung Histopath > Flashcards

Lung Histopath Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathology of chronic bronchitis?

A

Dilatation of bronchi & excess mucus production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aetiology of chronic bronchitis (2)

A

Tobacco smoke

pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical features of chronic bronchitis

A

Productive cough for 3 months over 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Histological features chronic bronchitis (3)

A

Airway dilatation
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Hypertrophy of mucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Complications of chronic bronchitis (3)

A

Recurrent infections
chronic hypoxia
pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathology of bronchiectasis

A

Airway dilatation & scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical features of bronchiectasis (3)

A

Purulent sputum
cough
fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Histological features of bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilatation of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complications of bronchiectasis (4)

A

recurrent infections
haemoptysis
amyloidosis
pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathology of asthma

A

SM cell hyperplasia
excess mucus
inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aetiology of asthma

A

Immunogenic: allergens, drugs, cold air, exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical features of asthma (3)

A

Episodic cough
Wheezing
SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Histological features of asthma (2)

A

Curschmann spirals - whorls of shed epithelium

Charcot Leyden crystals - eosinophils degraded in mucous plugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complications of asthma (2)

A

Death, chronic asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pathology of emphysema

A

Affects acinus (distal to terminal bronchioles), wall destruction, airspace enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aetiology of emphysema (2)

A

Smoking

A1AT deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical features of emphysema (2)

A

cough

SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Histological feature of emphysema

A

Loss of alveolar parenchyma (distal to terminal bronchiole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complications of emphysema (3)

A

Pneumothorax
Resp failure
Pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes of bronchiectasis (6)

A

Post-infectious
Abnormal host defence - hypogammaglobulinaemia
Ciliary dyskinesia (primary = Kartagener’s)
Asthma
CF
Secondary to bronchiolar disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the characteristics of all interstitial lung diseases?

A

Inflammation & fibrosis of the pulmonary connective tissue (particulary the interstitium of the alveolar wall)

End stage all have HONEYCOMB LUNG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Interstitial lung disease shows features of RESTRICTIVE lung disease on spirometry, name 3:

A

Decreased CO diffusion capacity
reduced lung compliance
reduced lung volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Interstitial lung disease presents with: (3)

A

SOB
cyanosis, pulmonary HTN & corpulmonale
End-inspiratory crackles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of fibrosing interstitial lung disease: (6)

A 
IPF
Pneumoconiosis
Radiation induced pneumonitis
Drug induced
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 
associated with connective tissue disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Causes of granulomatous interstitial lung disease (3)
Sarcoid EAA Associated with vasculitides e.g. Wegener's, Churg-Strauss, microscopic polyangitis
26
2 other categories of interstitial lung disease
eosinophillic | Smoking related
27
Is IPF more common in males or females?
Males
28
Histology of IPF (3)
Pattern of fibrosis = USUAL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - progressive patchy interstitial fibrosis Hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes, causing HONEYCOMB FIBROSIS (beginning at peripery of lobule)
29
Clinical presentation of IPF (4)
SOB Non-productive cough Hypoxaemia - whcih causes pulmonary HTN +/- Cor pulmonale clubbing
30
Treatment of IPF (3) & impact on survival
Steroids cyclophosphamide Azathioprine little impact on survival
31
What is pneumoconiosis?
An occupational lung disease, whereby inhalation of mineral dusts/ inorganic particles leads to a non-neoplastic lung rxn
32
In pneumoconiosis which lobe of lung is most commonly affected?
Upper lobe e.g. Coal workers, Silicosis
33
In Asbestosis which lobe is affected?
Usually lower lobe, and it can cause malignant as well as benign lesions e.g. adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma
34
What is a granuloma?
A collection of histiocytes + macrophages +/- multi-nucleate giant cells (cells of macrophage lineages fused together)
35
EAA/ Hypersensitvity pneumonitis/ Cryptogenic organising pneumonia/ Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP). What are these conditions?
Group of IMMUNE MEDIATED lung disorders, caused by prolonged exposure to inhaled ORGANIC ags, which results in widespread ALVEOLAR INFLAMMATION (contrast with asthma - bronchi) EAA is typically an occupational health disease
36
What is seen in histology of EAA etc? (2)
GRANULOMA formation and organising pneumonia - polypoid plugs of loose connective tissue within alveoli/ bronchioles
37
What is the acute presentation of EAA & how doews it present? (5)
Inhalation of antigenic dust in sensitized individual | Systemic sympoms - fevers, chills, cough, SOB, chest pain (within hours of exposure) Settles by next day
38
Presentation of chronic EAA? (4)
Persistent PRODUCTIVE cough SOB Clubbing severe weight loss
39
``` Farmer's lung Pigeon fancier's lung Humidifier's lung Malt-workers lung Cheese washer's lung ```
mouldy hay/grain/silage proteins in excreta/ feathers Heated water reservoirs Germinating barley - aspergillus clavatus/fumigatus Mouldy cheese - aspergillus clavatus/ penicillium casei Early recognition > removal of ag > prevents progression to fibrosis
40
Bronchopneumonia
Patchy bronchial distribution | low virulence organisms
41
Lobar pneumonia, 4 stages
Fibrinosuppurative consolidation 1) Consolidation 2) Red hepatisation (neutrophilia) 3) Grey hepatisation (fibrosis) 4) resolution
42
Atypical Pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonitis | No alveolar inflammation
43
Risk factors for SCC (3)
Smoking Male Highest rate of p53/ c-myc mutations
44
Histology of SCC (2)
``` Keratinisation intercellular pricks (desmosomes) ```
45
Cytology of SCC (1)
squamous cells
46
Progression of SCC (6)
Epithelium > hyperplasia > metaplasia > dysplasia > angiosquamous dysplasia > carcinoma in situ > invasive carcinoma
47
In which group is adenocarcinoma of lungs most common?
Women & non-smokers (a malignant epithelial tumour with glandular differentiation or mucin production) usually occurs peripherally
48
Histology of adenocarcinoma of lungs (1)
Glandular differentiation (and mucin production)
49
Cytology of adenocarcinoma of lungs (1)
Cells containing mucin vacuoles
50
What molecular mutation is sometimes seen in adenocarcinoma of lungs
EGFR mutations (treated with TK inhibitors)
51
Small cell carcinoma common location? Arises from which cells?
Centrally from proximal bronchi | neuroendocrine cells
52
Small cell carcinoma is associated with: (3)
ectopic ACTH Lambert-Eaton cerebellar degeneration
53
Small cell carcinoma has strong relationship to smoking, what mutations are common? (2)
p53 & RB1
54
Large cell carcinoma - what is it?
poorly differentiated epithelial tumour - large cells, large & prominent nuclei (poor prognosis)
55
Histology of large cell carcinoma?
no evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation
56
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur due to large cell carcinoma, give 5 examples:
``` ADH ACTH PTH PTHrP Calcitonin ```
57
ERCC1 mutation associated with which cancer?
NSCLC - pooer response to cisplatin
58
EGFR mutation associated with which cancer?
Adeno - treat with anti-EGFR (TK inhibitors)
59
Kras mutations associated with which cancer?
Adeno/squamous, poor prognosis (does not respond to TKI)
60
EML4-ALK mutation associated with which cancer?
Adeno usually - no benefit from TKI
61
Clinical presentation of mesothelioma (3)
Chest pain SOB Pleural effusion (extensive)
62
Risk factors for PE (4) & Virchows triad
``` Female Immobile Cardiac disease Cancer Virchow's = blood stasis + damage to endothelium + increased coagulation ```
63
Complications of large PE (3)
Acute cor pulmonale cardiogenic shock death
64
Complications of small PE (2)
Can be silent | can cause peripheral wedge infarctions
65
What is defined as pulmonary HTN?
pressure > 25 mmHg at rest
66
Causes of secondary pulmonary HTN? Pre-cap (2), cap (1), post-cap (1)
Pre-capillary: Hypoxia/ embolus Capillary: Pulmonary fibrosis Post capillary: Left heart disease
67
Pulmonary HTN is most common in which group?
Females 20-40
68
Complications of pulmonary HTN (3)
RHF > venous congestion of organs, nutmeg liver, peripheral oedema
69
Main histology of pulmonary oedema
Iron laden macrophages (aka heart failure cells)

Pathology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions