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physio > lung function > Flashcards

lung function Flashcards

1
Q

define ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of lungs by bulk flow

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2
Q

the lower respiratory tract is divided into 2 zones

A
  1. conducting zone
  2. respiratory zone - alveoli for gaseous exchange
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3
Q

what are type I pneumocytes

A

cells that maximise gaseous exchange

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4
Q

what are type II pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant

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5
Q

shape of type I pneumocytes

A

flat and very thin

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6
Q

shape of type II pneumocytes

A

large and rounded

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7
Q

how to work out minute ventilation (VE) measured in L/min

A

breathing rate (R) x tidal volume (VT)

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8
Q

what happens when Patm and Palv is the same

A

no air flow, there has to be a pressure difference between the two

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9
Q

what is Boyles law

A

pressure is inversely proportional to vol
-vol increase - pressure decrease
-vol decrease - pressure increase

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10
Q

what is the main respiratory muscle causing change in volume

A

diaphragm

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11
Q

what happens to diaphragm during inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts - pulls down

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12
Q

what happens to diaphragm during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes - moves up

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13
Q

breathing at rest -
accessory muscles during inspiration

A

diaphragm + external intercostals contract

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14
Q

breathing at rest -
accessory muscles during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes + passive recoil of lungs

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15
Q

forced breathing -
accessory muscles during inspiration

A

more forceful contraction of diaphragm
other accessory muscles also contract

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16
Q

forced breathing -
accessory muscles during expiration

A

abdominals + internal intercostals contract

17
Q

what is the space between the pleural membranes called

A

pleural fluid

18
Q

function of the pleural membranes and pleural fluid inbetween

A

provides cohesion between the inner surface of the chest cavity and surface of the lungs

19
Q

as chest cavity expands, what happens to the intrapleural pressure (pressure between pleural membranes). leads to expansion of lungs

A

becomes more negative

20
Q

define compliance

A

how stretchable a tissue is

21
Q

how to measure lung compliance from the lung volume/ trans-pulmonary pressure (PTP) slope

A

gradient

22
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure (PTP)

A

force that makes the lungs expand - increases when PIP decreases

23
Q

how does elastin (connective tissue) influence lung compliance

A

-STRETCHABLE - stretches for inspiration
-passive recoil during expiration

24
Q

how does collagen (connective tissue) influence lung compliance

A

-RIGID - provides structural support but restricts stretching
-healthy alveoli have little collagen

25
Q

how does surface tension influence lung compliance

A

cohesive forces at air/water interface in alveoli reduces compliance

26
Q

how does too much collagen cause restrictive lung disease

A

low compliance, lung capacity is reduced, impaired gaseous exchange

27
Q

how does too little collagen cause obstructive lung disease

A

high compliance, bronchioles collapse easily during expiration, impaired gaseous exchange

28
Q

equation for working out alveolar air pressure (P)

A

P = 2T/r

29
Q

equal surface tension in both alveoli - which has greater pressure & what happens to compliance and gas exchange

A

smaller alveoli has greater pressure, compliance and gaseous exchange is impaired

30
Q

what reduces surface tension so that there’s no pressure diff between both alveoli and compliance and gaseous exchange is maintained

A

type II pneumocytes secretes surfactant - smaller alveoli have more surfactant so surface tension is less than bigger alveoli.
no pressure difference, compliance and gaseous exchange is maintained

31
Q

no surfactant restricts inspiration, what happens to lung compliance

A

low compliance, lungs are partially collapsed, impaired gaseous exchange

32
Q

how does bronchoconstriction affect resistance, and then air flow

A

resistance increased, air flow decreased

33
Q

what hormone causes bronchodilation of bronchioles

A

adrenaline binding to beta agonists

34
Q

what paracrine factor causes bronchodilation of bronchioles

A

CO2 from alveoli

35
Q

what neuronal factor causes bronchoconstriction of bronchioles

A

acetylcholine

36
Q

what paracrine factor causes bronchoconstriction of bronchioles

A

histamine released by inflammatory cells

37
Q

excessive narrowing of bronchioles (obstructive lung disease) is a feature of what disease

A

asthma - increased resistance, decreased airflow, impaired gaseous exchange

physio (6 decks)

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