lung diseases and volumes Flashcards
what is tuberculosis
this is when bacteria is breathed in causing macrophages to build a wall around the bacteria. This forms clumps called tubercles. This affects the alveoli causing lung tissue to break down which can cause fibrosis
what are the symptoms of tuberculosis
- coughing blood and mucus
- shortness of breath
- tiredness
what is pulmonary fibrosis
this is when scar tissue forms in the lungs from having an infection or breathing in substances like asbestos
what are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis
- dry cough
- shortness of breath
- tiredness
what is asthma
the tightening of the airways due to an allergic reaction or breathing in foreign particles
the smooth muscle in the bronchioles contract causing the airways to tighten
what are the symptoms of asthma
- shortness of breath
- tightening of chest
- wheezing
- tiredness
how does tuburculosis reduce gas exchange
- damaged alveoli = smaller surface area
- scar formation makes alveoli thicker
- damaged lung tissue can prevent the lungs for expanding
how does pulmonary fibrosis reduce the rate of gas exchange
- formation of scars makes alveoli thicker
- damaged tissue prevents elasticity
how does asthma reduce the rate of gas exchange
as airways are restricted, air flow is reduced to and from the lungs as so less oxygen can diffuse into the lungs
what is emphysema
this is when foreign particles enter the body and get trapped in the alveoli, this causes phagocytes to respond at the alveoli and produce an enzyme
this enzyme breaks down elastin at the alveoli and so the alveoli wall is broken down
what are the symptoms of emphysema
- wheezing
- shortness of breath
what is tidal volume
the volume of air breathed in per breath
what is ventilation rate
the number of breaths taken in a minute
what is residual volume
the leftover volume of air in the lungs so that they never collapse
what is FEV1
forced expiratory volume - maximum volume of air exhaled in 1 second
what is FVC
forced vital capacity - the maximum that can be exhaled after a maximum inhale
how does emphysema reduce the rate of gas exchange
- the damaged alveoli reduces the surface area
- the loss of elastin in the walls of the alveoli prevents lung expansion
what happens to tidal volume when a person has
1. tuburculosis
2. pulomnary fibrosis
3. emphysema
decreases
what happens to ventilation rate when a person has
1. tuburculosis
2. pulmonary fibrosis
3. emphysema
increases
which lung volume does asthma affect and how does it effect it
FEV1
decreases
